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OUTLINE

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OUTLINE

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  1. Groundwater arsenic filter based on composite iron matrix: Performance and large scale deploymentAbul HussamDepartment of Chemistry & Biochemistry George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USAAbul K. M. MunirEnvironment InitiativeSono Diagnostics Inc. Kushtia, BANGLADESHPresented at International Conf on Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh, January 06, 2006

  2. OUTLINE • Occurrence and Toxicity • Groundwater Arsenic Distribution and Speciation • Filter Development and Measurements • Filter Quality Comparison by ETVAM • Filter Distribution and Future Outlook

  3. Tube-wells in Bangladesh 4000 ppb As (Total) Bheramara, Kushtia 170 ppb As(Total) Sadar Kushtia Arsenic free well Sadar, Kushtia

  4. Distribution of Inorganic Arsenic Species Based on pKa H3AsO3 H2AsO4- HAsO42- HAsO42- H2AsO4- H2AsO3- Left: Theoretical distribution of H3AsO4 species Right: As(III) and As(V) distribution based on 50 ug each

  5. Sono Water Filter- Model 45-25 (25 L Unit) Composite Fe-Matrix

  6. Simple and Effective Arsenic Filter Based on Fe-Composite SONO BUCKET FILTERS Flow: 20-50 Liters per hour As(Total) < 10 ppb (CL 95%) As(III) < 2 ppb (CL 99.9%) Life: 5 Years Minimum Maintenance: Very low Cost: US $35.00 - $40.00 Waste: Completely nontoxic Government approved and ETVAM program verified SONO TWIN FILTER SONOBUCKET FILTER Arsenic filters were developed by a team led by Prof. Hussam and Dr. Munir of Sono/MSUK of Kushtia, Bangladesh

  7. RAPID ASSESSMENT: BAMWSP/DFID/WATER AID Phase II Report, March 2001, WS Atkins Sono 3-K CIM BDL-13-28 ppb ; 34 L/day; Tk 300 T – Ion Exchange, USA 3-38-220 ppb; 201 L/day; Tk 12000

  8. Active Material: Composite Iron Matrix (CIM) CIM PROC CAST IRON ORG CAST IRON

  9. Active MaterialComposite Iron Matrix (CIM)·Uniform, porous, lighter, and less fines ·Preformed Hydrous Ferric Oxide (HFO) ·Active-surface with large surface area·Insitu continuous formation of HFO during filtration·Continuously increased capacity·Removes many other toxic inorganic and organics (lit evidence)·Extremely low disposal hazard·Indigenous, inexpensive ($35.00 -45.00 ), and long lasting(>5 yrs)Charcoal: Cooking Wood·Removes organic compounds - Pesticide residuesInactive MaterialsSand: Processed River Sand and Brick Chips·Flow stabilizer·Disperser·Coarse particulate filter·Mechanical stability

  10. SONO Production Facility: Kushtia

  11. Arsenic Removal Performance of Four Filters 1 2 3 4 Blue: As in Tubewell water, Pink: Filtered water. Right graph shows progressive decrease in arsenic. Initial [Fe] total = 6.46 mg/L (#4)

  12. Performance of Blank Filters • Figure shows blank filters maximum contaminant limit (MCL) breakthrough occurs the first day even at 88 L. • Groundwater composition: As(III): 300 ug/L, As(total) 996 ug/L, and Fe(II) 1.0 mg/L. • The filtered water properties: Sand: Temperature 27.3 C, pH 7.6  0.1, TDS 210  6 (us/cm), Eh 158  6 mV vs. NHE. • Sand+Brick+Charcoal: Temperature 25.7 C, pH 7.9  0.1, TDS 208  12 (us/cm), Eh 148  6 mV vs. NHE. Filtered water has no detectable total Fe (III + II).

  13. Authors Home Court Para, Kushtia Village Home Khordosadhua, Koksha, Kushtia Years in use: 4.5 3.2 Total water filter (L): 125,000 L 100,000 As(T) –influent (ppb): 155 ±7 600 ± 6 As(T) – filtered (ppb): 7 ± 1 8 ± 1 Fe(T) – influent (ppm): 4.85 ± 0.25 5.09 ± Fe(T) – filtered (ppm): 0.228 ± 0.04 0.245 ± 0.05 Cost (Taka)/L: 0.016 0.024 N 110 56

  14. SONO Filter Performance in the Field

  15. Four Approved Filters: Environmental Technology Verification Program Bangladesh Council of Scientific Research, March 4, 2004

  16. ETVAM Manganese (Mn) Data Summary (BCSIR/OCETA Test), March 04, 2004 (Bangladesh limit is 0.500 mg/L) •  denotes one standard deviation; 2. “n” is the number of observations • 3. In Faridpur (Bhanga) one effluent Mn concentration was 60.02 mg/L (in day 11) probably this is a wrong entry, we omit this figure in our calculation.

  17. Possible physicochemical reactions in different parts of the filtration process. CIM- Composite Iron Matrix Top layer: Oxidation of soluble iron Oxidation of ferrous iron Fe(II) + O2 O2.- + Fe(III)OH2+ Fe(II) + O2.-  Fe(III)+ H2O2 Fe(II) + CO3.-  Fe(III)+ HCO3- CIM hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) Fe(III) complexation and precipitation. =FeOH + H2AsO4- =FeHAsO4- + H2O ( K = 1024 ) =FeOH + HAsO42-  =FeAsO42- + H2O ( K = 1029 ).

  18. Mechanisms of Arsenic Removal ·Corrosion of FeO-composite continuously generates hydrated iron oxides with high specific surface area. ·Mn (ca. 0.2%) in the FeO-composite acts as a catalyst for rapid conversion As(III) to As(V) ·Arsenate is removed by surface complexation with HFO (possibly magnetite and maghemite (-Fe2O3)). ·Removal process is independent of the concentration of As(III) + As(V) input concentration. ·Excess Ca2+, Fe(II)/Fe(III) and other divalent cations enhance adsorption and complex formation through double-layer charging. ·Further, cementation reactions produce a porous high surface area insoluble spent material very similar to natural HFO with a high capacity for arsenic removal.

  19. Two Filters: Alumina vs. CIM Influent As(T): 600 -1240 ug/L Influent As(T): 400 -600 ug/L (Nawabgong Data: Arsenic Removal Technology: Environmental Technology Verification Program for Arsenic Mitigation, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2003-2004).

  20. Filter Problems and Solution

  21. Constituent USEPA (MCL) WHO, Guideline Bangladesh 3-Kolshi Waterb Sono Bucket Filter Waterb Arsenic (total)- mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.003-0.018 0.003-0.020 Iron (total) - mg/L 0.3 0.3 0.3 (1.0) 0.08 - 0.49 0.2  0.02 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.74  0.1 7.7  0.1 Sodium - mg/L 200 26.7  3.1 19 - 25 Calcium - mg/L 75 (200) 59.1  7.5 5 - 87 Copper - mg/L 1.3 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 0.005 <0.002 Manganese - mg/L 0.05 0.1 - 0.5 0.1 (0.5) <0.001 <0.01 Zinc - mg/L 5 3.0 5 (15) 0.01 <0.007 Aluminum -mg/L 0.05-0.2 0.2 0.1(0.2) 0.03 <0.022 Lead -mg/L 0.015 0.01 0.10 0.006 <0.004 Chromium, mg/L 0.1 0.05 0.05 <0.002 <0.002 Cadmium, mg/L 0.005 0.003 0.01 <0.001 <0.001 Barium, mg/L 2.0 0.7 1.0 0.0630.01 <0.082 Antimony, mg/L 0.006 0.005 <0.013 <0.013 Molybdenum, mg/L 0.07 0.003 <0.002 Nickel, mg/L 0.1 0.02 <0.002 <0.002 Selenium, mg/L 0.05 0.01 <0.012 <0.002 Silver, mg/L 0.1 <0.002 <0.002 Chloride, mg/L 250 250 200 (600) 10 - 40 2.0- 12.2 Drinking water inorganic quality parameters: Comparison of 3-Kolshi and Sono bucket filter with international and national standards. Results include independent test results by WS Atkins. 3-Kolshi was approved by the Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project, BG for household use.

  22. USAGE INFORMATION (2001-July 2005) • 20,000 SONOTM filters installed in 14 districts • 60-180 liters per day consumed for 2- 4 years • 250,000 direct beneficiaries • >1 Billion liter of clean water consumed • Cost: <0.0043 Taka / Liter Tube well-head filter

  23. SONO Dual Filters 80 L/ hour 2423 to 8 ppb As(T)

  24. SONO Triple Filters Flow: 120 L/hour

  25. SONOTM Arsenic Filter at Work : 4000 ppb to 7 ppb As 4000 ppb As Jagassar, Bheramara, Bangladesh 7 ppb As after SONO Filtered SONO by SDC/MSUK, Kushtia, Bangladesh

  26. PEOPLE INVOLVED Abul K. M. Munir and Zafreen A. Hossain MSUK and SDCI, Kushtia, Bangladesh Abul BarkatDepartment of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshAmir H. KhanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshMohammed Alauddin Chemistry Department, Wagner College, NY, USA Mohammad Habibuddowla Department of Environment, Commonwealth of Kentucky, USA MSUK-SDCI Kushtia Laboratory Dr. Tahmina Begum, Monwar Ahmed, Mir Morshedur Rahman, Mizanur Rahman, Aslam Hossain, Ziaul Haq, Abu Sayeed, and many others.

  27. Team Members

  28. Organizations Involved • Sono Diagnostic Center EI, Kushtia • MSUK: Manob Sakti Unnayan Kendro, Kushtia • HDRC: Human Development Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh • Chemistry Department, George Mason University, USA • Quasem-Nahar Trust Fund, Kushtia

  29. Students carrying filtered water home

  30. Element Conc. (mg/L) at pH =7 (Sand) Conc.(mg/L) at pH=4 (Sand) Conc. (mg/L) at pH =7 (Sand + Iron) Conc. (mg/L) at pH =4 (Sand + Iron) Conc. (mg/L) at pH =7 (Sand + Iron) Rainwater Al 0.028 0.02 0.049 0.014 0.02 As <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 0.025 <0.016 Ag <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Ba 0.002 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.008 Be <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Ca 2.65 8.39 4.89 8.13 4.00 Co <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Cr <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Cu 0.005 0.018 0.007 0.008 0.002 Fe 0.02 0.031 0.041 0.051 0.016 Mg 0.2 1.03 0.519 0.831 0.52 Mn 0.013 0.081 0.005 0.047 0.002 Mo <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Ni 0.002 0.009 0.003 0.005 0.004 Pb <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 K 0.82 1.26 0.608 0.527 0.62 Na 2.64 0.750 3.35 1.85 7.2 Se <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 Sr 0.006 0.017 0.014 0.02 0.012 Sn 0.007 0.011 0.003 0.006 0.003 TI <0.067 <0.067 <0.067 <0.067 <0.067 V <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Zn 0.011 0.038 0.013 0.021 0.024 Leaching experiment (EPA-TALP) with spent materials after a year

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