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Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5)

Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5). Diagnostics, Pathology, & Treatments. Cardiovascular Specialists. Cardiologist Hematologist-specialist who treats diseases and disorders of the blood. Diagnostic Procedures. Diagnostic procedures.

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Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5)

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  1. Cardiovascular System (Ch 5) Diagnostics, Pathology, & Treatments

  2. Cardiovascular Specialists • Cardiologist • Hematologist-specialist who treats diseases and disorders of the blood

  3. Diagnostic Procedures

  4. Diagnostic procedures • Angiography – radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium • Angiocardiography – uses a contrast medium and chest x-rays to visualize the dimensions of the heart and large blood vessels

  5. Diagnostic Procedures • History & Physical • Checking for symptoms of disease • Chest pain, shortness of breath, awareness of heartbeat (palpitation), fatigue, dizziness or loss of consciousness, edema, pain in the legs while walking (claudication)

  6. Diagnostic Procedures • Cardiac catheterization – a procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart • X-rays taken during the procedure • Dye is also injected

  7. Diagnostic procedures • Electrocardiography-tracing electricity • Electrocardiogram – ECG – EKG • Holter monitor – portable EKG that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period. • Stress tests • Thallium stress test – uses a radiopharmaceutical to test heart function

  8. Diagnostic procedures • Ultrasonic diagnostic procedures • Ultra sound • Echocardiography – the use of sound waves to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart • Pulse ox

  9. Pathology

  10. Blood Vessel Pathology • Angiitis • Angionecrosis-tissue death of the walls of blood vessels • Angiostenosis • Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel • Angiospasm • Angina pectoris – severe episodes of spasmodic, choking chest pain

  11. Pathology • Arteries • Aneurysm – a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery that can rupture • Arteritis • Polyarteritis • Arteriosclerosis-hardening of the arteries • Raynaud’s phenomenon – intermittent attacks of pallor, cyanosis, and redness of the fingers and toes due to arterial contraction.

  12. Pathology • Atherosclerosis • Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries • Causes • Increased blood lipids • High blood presssure • Smoking • Obesity • Physical inactivity • Tension • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000006.htm

  13. Atherosclerosis can lead to; • Angina pectoris-coronary arteries are temporarily blocked-reduced blood supply to the heart – chest pain • ischemia – oxygen deprived heart muscle, injured muscle • Myocardial Infarction, heart attack– necrosis of the heart muscle due to severe, prolonged ischemia,

  14. Pathology • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) • Pumping action is diminished • Fluid accumulates and is retained in the tissues • Carditis

  15. Congenital Heart Disease • Defects in the heart that occurred during fetal development • Involves defective communication between the chambers, malformation of the valves, and malformation of the septa • Cyanotic – inability of the individual to get adequate oxygen so they turn blue

  16. Pathology • Arrhythmias-abnomality in rate, rhythm, or conduction of the heart beat • Fibrillation-rapid, irregular, ineffective contractions, quivering • Atrial fibrillation-irregular quivering action of the atria. Results in very rapid ventricular heartbeat • V fib – fatal unless reversed • Flutter • Bradycardia-abnormally slow heartbeat • Tachycardia

  17. Pathology • Veins • Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein • Varicose veins-enlarged veins which can be inflammed • Hemorrhoids – varicose veins of the rectal & anal area • Valvulitis-inflammation of a heart valve • Phlebostenosis – narrowing of the lumen of a vein from any cause • Thrombus-blood clot circulating in the blood stream • Thrombosis-abnormal condition of clot formation • Embolisms – any foreign object circulating in the blood stream; clot, air, fat particle, plastic from IV catheters, etc. • Blood disorders • Dyscrasia – any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood • Hemochromatosis • Septicemia – also known as blood poisoning, is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.

  18. Pathology • Blood cells • Erythrocytosis – abnormal increase in the number of circulating red blood cells • Thrombocytopenia – also known as thrombopenia, is an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets • Leukopenia – an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells. May affect one or all types. • Leukemia

  19. Pathology • Anemias – a disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood • Aplastic – an absence of all formed blood elements • Hemolytic – red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them • Iron deficient • Megaloblastic – large abnormal red blood cells (megaloblasts) with a reduced capacity to carry oxygen are produced by the bone marrow

  20. Pathology • Anemias continued • Sickle cell • Pernicious • Thalassemia – Cooley’s anemia, group of genetic disorders characterized by short-lived red blood cells that lack the normal ability to produce hemoglobin

  21. Pathology • Hypertension (HTN) • Essential – primary – idiopathic – consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin 90% of cases • Secondary – caused by a different medical problem such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands 10% of cases • Malignant – characterized by the sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure

  22. Treatments

  23. Treatments • Antihypertensive medications • ACE inhibitors • Beta-blockers • Calcium channel blockers • Diuretics

  24. Treatments • Additional medications • Statins • Digoxin • Nitroglycerin • Anticoagulant – thrombolytic • Antiarrhythmic-controls irregularities of the heartbeat • Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)-used to dissolve clots

  25. Treatments • Coronary artery bypass graft – CABG – bypass surgery • Heart • Defibrillation • Cardioversion • Pacemaker • CPR

  26. Treatments • Clearing blocked arteries • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty – PTCA – balloon angioplasty, opens the blocked artery but doesn’t actually remove the plaque • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000096.htm • Atherectomy – surgical removal of plaque from the interior lining of an artery

  27. Treatments • Endarterectomy – surgical removal of the lining of an artery that is clogged with plaque • Carotid endarterectomy – same as above for a carotid artery

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