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Functional Groups

C C. C C. C. C. C. C. H. C. Br. C. C. C. H. C. H. C. I. Cl. C. C. C. O. H. Functional Groups. alkene. alkyne. tertiary halogenoalkane. tertiary alcohol. secondary halogenoalkane. primary halogenoalkane. C. C. H. C. N. C. C. H. C. C. C. C. H.

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Functional Groups

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  1. C C C C C C C C H C Br C C C H C H C I Cl C C C O H Functional Groups alkene alkyne tertiary halogenoalkane tertiary alcohol secondary halogenoalkane primary halogenoalkane

  2. C C H C N C C H C C C C H C C C N C C H N H H H O C O C O C Functional groups primary amine secondary amine tertiary amine ether aldehyde ketone

  3. C N C C N C C C O C C H O O O O C C Cl C C C C O O O O Functional groups carboxylic acid ester amide acid anhydride acyl chloride nitrile

  4. H O Functional groups arene (benzene ring) phenol

  5. H H Cl Cl Cl Cl H H C C H Cl H H H H H H C· C· H H Free Radical substitution U.V. photon Initiation 2 Cl· Propagation + Cl· + HCl + + Cl·

  6. H H C Cl H ·Cl Cl Cl ·Cl Cl· H H H H H H H H C C· C· C H ·C H H H H H H Free Radical Substitution Termination

  7. H H C C H H p bonding in alkenes Two adjacent p orbitals overlap to produce a p bond The exposed p electron pair can be attacked by electrophiles. An electrophile is a species with an empty orbital that can accept a pair ofelectrons.

  8. Electrophilic addition to alkenes

  9. H H H CH3 CH3 CH3 H Br C C C C H d+ d- + H H H H H H Br- Br C C H Addition of HBr to propene Markovnikov’s rule: The less electronegative atom (H) adds to the carbon atom of the double bond with most H atoms attached. This gives rise to a more stable carbocation intermediate (order of stability 1°<2°<3°)

  10. H H H CH3 CH3 CH3 C C C C Br + H H H H H H Br- Br C C Br Addition of Br2 to propene Br Br d+ d- Br2 is non-polar but as it approaches the p bond, a dipole is induced.

  11. H H H H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 C C C C Br + H H H H H H H H Br- OH2 + HO C C Br H2O C C Br Addition of Br2 (aq) to propene Br Br d+ d- H+ (aq)

  12. Other alkene reactions Addition of hydrogen CH3CH=CH2 + H2 (g) → CH3CH2CH3 (Ni catalyst, 200°C) Oxidation CH3CH=CH2 CH3CH(OH)CH2OH Purple KMnO4 (aq) is decolourised by alkenes KMnO4 (aq), H2SO4 (cold)

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