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Functional Groups

Functional Groups. Ethers. Ethers are much like alcohols except the oxygen is bound to two carbons instead of a carbon and a hydrogen. Unlike alcohols the ethers are not polar molecules so they will not dissolve in water

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Functional Groups

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  1. Functional Groups

  2. Ethers • Ethers are much like alcohols except the oxygen is bound to two carbons instead of a carbon and a hydrogen

  3. Unlike alcohols the ethers are not polar molecules so they will not dissolve in water • Since they are not polar there is little interaction between molecules and so they have a much lower boiling point • DEE (-35°C)

  4. Amines • Are compounds where a N is bound to 1, 2, or 3 saturated carbons. • Short amines have very strong odors

  5. But they don’t all smell bad..

  6. Once again amines are less polar than alcohols but more polar than ethers so their boiling points will be in the middle • Diethylamine is 55°C • Ethanol • Dimethyl ether

  7. Carbonyl groups • The rest of the functional groups all have one common theme • A carbonyl group is a carbon that is double bonded to an oxygen

  8. Ketones and aldehydes are very similar • Ketones are carbonyl groups attached to two carbons • Aldehydes are carbonyl groups attached to one carbon and one hydrogen

  9. Carboxylic acid is where the carboxyl group is bound to a carbon and a hydroxyl group • They are called acids because the –OH group is very willing to donate a H to solution

  10. More functional groups • Amides • Like amines these contain nitrogen • Difference: • They are connected to a carbonyl group

  11. The smellier side of chemistry

  12. Esters contain a carboxyl group and are very similar to a carboxylic acid except the terminal hydrogen is replaced with a carbon or chain of carbons • Fairly short esters are found in a wide variety of odors and flavors

  13. Polymers • A mer is the name given to a small molecular unit • A single mer is called a monomer • They can consist of 4-100 atoms • When monomers join together they form polymers

  14. Where are they found? • Plastics – man-made polymers • Can be called synthetic polymers • Biopolymers • Plant cell walls • Proteins, DNA, complex carbohydrates

  15. Synthetic Polymers • Are made with one of two reactions • Addition or Condensation

  16. Addition Polymers • Addition polymers form from joining together two or more monomers • This reaction requires the presence of a double bond

  17. In addition polymerization no atoms are gained or lost • Only electrons are shared between monomers

  18. Polyethylene • There are two basic types of polyethylene • First is High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) • The second is Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

  19. High Density • This polymer contains only straight chain polyethylene which makes it a dense and hard plastic

  20. Low Density • Low density occurs when the chains branch. This leads to softer more flexible plastic.

  21. Common Addition Monomers

  22. Condensation Polymers • These polymers are formed by the joining of two or more monomers and their formation results in the loss of a small molecule. • This requires the use of functional groups • Can you think of any functional groups that contain oxygen or hydrogen?

  23. Many different condensation polymers are formed from two separate compounds • Therefore they can be called copolymers • - two different monomers that work together to form a polymer

  24. Condensation polymers can also be branched.

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