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Functional Groups. Chemistry 11. Functional Groups. There are several different groups that can be added to a hydrocarbon in order to change it into a different type of organic compound
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Functional Groups Chemistry 11
Functional Groups • There are several different groups that can be added to a hydrocarbon in order to change it into a different type of organic compound • It will be important to be able to differentiate between the different functional groups and the compounds they form
Alcohol • An alcohol is created when a hydroxyl group (OH) is added to a carbon • The hydroxyl group can be in the middle of the compound or on a terminal carbon • By convention, if the hydroxyl group is on the terminal carbon, it is draw on the right hand end of the compound • An alcohol takes the root of the compound but adds the suffix “ol”
Carboxylic Acid • Is created when the carobxyl group (COOH) is part of a hydrocarbon • This group appears on a terminal carbon and include a carbon oxygen double bond and then an OH group • To name a carboxylic acid, the root remains but the suffix becomes “oic acid”
Aldehydes & Ketones • Aldehydes are created when a formyl group (double bonded oxygen) is bonded to a terminal carbon • It is named using the suffix “al” • Ketones are created when a carbonyl group (doubled bonded oxygen) is bonded to a non-terminal carbon • It is named using the suffix “one”
Esters • Esters have both a double bonded oxygen and single bonded oxygen in the middle of the compound • They are normally created from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester and water • They are named by giving the alcohol group an alkyl name and using the suffix “oate” with the carboxylic acid
Amines and Amides • Amines contain a nitrogen bonded in the carbon chain (may appear at the end of the carbon chain) • Named by adding “amine” to the root • Amides also contain a nitrogen but it must be bonded to a carbon that has a double bonded oxygen • Named by adding “amide” to the root
Practice Problems • Page 379 • 1-4