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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Explore the histological structures of arteries and veins, their functions, and nutrient blood supply. Compare the organization and structure of exchange vessels in different tissues.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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  1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM This resource is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial & No Derivative Works License

  2. Objective Students should be able to: Compare the histological structures of arteries and veins. Relate the structure of different blood vessel walls to their function. Examine the nutrient blood supply and the innervation of large blood vessels. Compare the organisation and structure of exchange vessels in different tissues.

  3. The Heart Into the right atrium comes blood from : From the right ventricle blood is pumped to the : Into the left atrium blood comes from : From the left ventricle blood is pumped to :

  4. The Heart Into the right atrium comes blood from : The systemic circulation. From the right ventricle blood is pumped to the : Into the left atrium blood comes from : From the left ventricle blood is pumped to :

  5. The Heart Into the right atrium comes blood from : The systemic circulation. From the right ventricle blood is pumped to the : Lungs. Into the left atrium blood comes from : From the left ventricle blood is pumped to :

  6. The Heart Into the right atrium comes blood from : The systemic circulation. From the right ventricle blood is pumped to the : Lungs. Into the left atrium blood comes from : Lungs. From the left ventricle blood is pumped to :

  7. The Heart Into the right atrium comes blood from : The systemic circulation. From the right ventricle blood is pumped to the : Lungs. Into the left atrium blood comes from : Lungs. From the left ventricle blood is pumped to : The systemic circulation.

  8. Canine Thorax left view, left lung removed Sy C As A V2 O S V1 D LA L P LV RV A – Aorta D – Diaphragm LV- Left ventricle LA- Left auricle RV- Right ventricle O - Oesophagus S - Left subclavian artery L - Accessory lobe of right lung P - Left phrenic nerve innervating diaphragm Sy - Sympathetic trunk V1 - Dorsal vagal trunk V2 - Ventral vagal trunk C - Cervicothoracic ganglion (sympathetic) As - Ansa subclavia of cervicothoracic ganglion White arrow - Left interventricular groove (Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis)

  9. Demo slide section through wall of heart. What three layers make up the wall of the heart? 1.0 mm

  10. Demo slide section through wall of heart. myocardium What three layers make up the wall of the heart? Endocardium : lines atria and ventricles, forms valves. Myocardium : the cardiac muscle. Epicardium : covers the external surface of the heart – serous membrane also called the visceral pericardium. endocardium chamber of ventricle epicardium 1.0 mm

  11. LA: left atrium LV: left ventricle RV: right ventricle pulmonary artery ductus arteriosus bronchus Demo slide section through developing rabbit heart oesophagus aortic arch (path of) lung LA pulmonary arch atrio-ventricular valve diaphragm vena cava LV RV liver ribs 1.0 mm

  12. SLIDE 106 Cardiac muscle Identify the principal features of cardiac muscle. 50 µm

  13. Identify the principal features of cardiac muscle. Intercalated discs, central nuclei (usually one but sometimes two) with perinuclear space, branched fibres, good blood supply. SLIDE 106 Cardiac muscle I : intercalated discs I central nucleus branched fibres blood vessels 50 µm

  14. SLIDE 106 Cardiac muscle TS section of fibres List the structures that allow cardiac muscle to act as a functional syncytium. 25 µm

  15. List the structures that allow cardiac muscle to act as a functional syncytium. Intercalated discs. Gap junctions. Branched fibres – lateral junctions. Rich vasculature. SLIDE 106 Cardiac muscle TS section of fibres 25 µm

  16. Cardiac muscle demonstration slide for Purkinje fibres What type of cells make up Purkinje fibres? M : myocardium Pf : Purkinje fibres L : lumen of heart M Pf L 250 µm The endocardium is lost in this section

  17. Cardiac muscle demonstration slide for Purkinje fibres What type of cells make up Purkinje fibres? Impulse conducting cardiac muscle cells. They form the atrioventricular bundle and its branches in the walls of the ventricles. M : myocardium Pf : Purkinje fibres L : lumen of heart M Pf L 250 µm The endocardium is lost in this section

  18. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries This slide shows a transverse section through the aorta. Identify the layers of this structure at both low and high magnification. Suggest why there appear to be two lumens in this structure? 1.0 mm

  19. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries This slide shows a transverse section through the aorta. Identify the layers of this structure at both low and high magnification. Suggest why there appear to be two lumens in this structure? The section was most likely cut at the divergence of the brachiocephalic trunk. aorta brachiocephalic trunk 1.0 mm

  20. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries Identify the layers of this structure. 250 µm

  21. Identify the layers of this structure. Tunica intima (interna) : consists of endothelial lining, sub endothelial connective tissue and internal elastic membrane. Tunica media : consists of circular smooth muscle layer, elastic and collagen fibres and the external elastic membrane. Tunica externa (adventitia) : outer covering. connective tissue sheath. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries tunica media lumen tunica externa tunica intima 250 µm

  22. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries What structures are present in the tunica adventitia? What is their function? 250 µm

  23. What structures are present in the tunica adventitia? Blood vessels – the vaso vasorum and autonomic nerves – the nervi vasorum. What is their function? They supply the wall of the blood vessel. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries adipocytes blood vessel nerve 250 µm

  24. Micrograph of cross section of a nerve fascicle This section was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and shows the typical appearance of a nerve bundle running through the tissue. Remember the diameters of such bundles can vary considerably. 50 µm

  25. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries Why are elastic fibres more prevalent in the aorta than in other arteries? 50 µm

  26. Why are elastic fibres more prevalent in the aorta than in other arteries? The elasticity of the tunica media sustains blood pressure (reduces fluctuations) between heart beats. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries smooth muscle tunica media collagen elastic fibres tunica intima endothelium 50 µm

  27. SLIDE 56 Aorta (dog) elastic arteries smooth muscle tunica media collagen Why are elastic fibres more prevalent in the aorta than in other arteries? The elasticity of the tunica media sustains blood pressure (reduces fluctuations) between heart beats. Systole : elastic walls stretched. Pressure converted to elastic tension. Diastole : elastic rebound in arterial wall maintains bloodpressure. elastic fibres tunica intima endothelium 50 µm

  28. SLIDE 51 Large veins 250 µm Compare with previous slide 56 (aorta). 1.0 mm

  29. SLIDE 51 Large veins Are the same layers present in both vessels? 100 µm

  30. SLIDE 51 Large veins lumen tunica intima tunica media Are the same layers present in both vessels? Yes. tunica adventitia 100 µm

  31. SLIDE 51 Large veins In which layer are most of the smooth muscle cells found? 50 µm

  32. In which layer are most of the smooth muscle cells found? In the tunica media; (walls of veins are thinner relative to the size of the lumen). SLIDE 51 Large veins endothelium lumen muscle cells in tunica media tunica adventitia 50 µm

  33. SLIDE 51 Large veins Junction between tunica media and tunica adventitia. Dark pink staining muscle cells more numerous in tunica media. A small venule is seen in the tunica adventitia. venule 50 µm

  34. SLIDE 51 Large veins At high magnification the depth of the tunica intima can be seen. 25 µm

  35. SLIDE 51 Large veins endothelial cells At high magnification the depth of the tunica intima can be seen. smooth muscle cell in tunica media tunica intima 25 µm

  36. SLIDE 52 Large vein (Vena cava) elastic stain In this section elastic tissue has been stained black. Which region has the most elastic tissue? 250 µm

  37. SLIDE 52 Large vein (Vena cava) elastic stain tunica intima tunica media In this section elastic tissue has been stained black. Which region has the most elastic tissue? Tunica media. tunica adventitia 250 µm

  38. SLIDE 52 Large vein (Vena cava) elastic stain elastic fibres At higher magnification, elastic fibres can be seen. 100 µm

  39. SLIDE 57 Muscular arteries Muscular arteries are usually smaller diameter than elastic ones. Autonomic regulation of these vessels produces changes in blood flow to organ systems. 1.0 mm

  40. SLIDE 57 Muscular arteries How does the structure of a muscular artery relate to its compliance? 100 µm

  41. How does the structure of a muscular artery relate to its compliance? Thicker musculature - lower compliance. SLIDE 57 Muscular arteries tunica adventitia tunica media tunica intima blood cells smooth muscle cells 100 µm

  42. SLIDE 57 Muscular arteries The smooth muscle cells in the tunica media 50 µm

  43. What is the functional significance of the arrangement of these smooth muscle cells? The smooth muscle is a near-circular tight helical arrangement. Muscular arteries control blood flow to various organs. SLIDE 57 Muscular arteries 50 µm

  44. Femoral vein tunica intima The three layers tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia can be identified. The thickest layer is the tunica adventitia. lumen tunica media tunica adventitia 250 µm

  45. Femoral vein Identify the layer of endothelial cells lining the vein. 50 µm

  46. Femoral vein tunica adventitia Identify the layer of endothelial cells lining the vein. tunica media endothelium tunica intima 50 µm

  47. SLIDE 59 Muscular artery (elastic stain) Muscular artery stained to show elastic fibres. 0.5 mm

  48. SLIDE 59 Muscular artery (elastic stain) The internal elastic membrane of the tunica intima can be seen. Also the external elastic membrane at the base of the tunica media. The tunica adventitia has the most elastic fibres (stained black) and is of a similar thickness to the tunica media. 100 µm

  49. SLIDE 59 Muscular artery (elastic stain) external elastic membrane internal elastic membrane of tunica intima The internal elastic membrane of the tunica intima can be seen. Also the external elastic membrane at the base of the tunica media. The tunica adventitia has the most elastic fibres (stained black) and is of a similar thickness to the tunica media. tunica adventitia tunica media endothelium elastic fibres 100 µm

  50. SLIDE 59 Companion vein (elastic stain) Again with the companion vein most of the elastic fibres are staining up in the tunica adventitia, which is the thickest layer. 100 µm

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