Organic Molecules for Physiology

1. Organic Molecules for Physiology The main groups of organic molecules we will be covering include the: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins and • Nucleic Acids This is only a small portion of all organic molecules.

2. Organic Molecules Contain carbon and hydrogen

3. H -C-H H Some Organic Groups We Will Use H -C=O -CH3 methyl group -COH aldehyde group -COOH carboxyl group or organic acid H O H H-C-C-C-H ketone H H O -C-O-H

4. Inorganic Molecules All the molecules that are not organic

5. H+ proton or hydrogen ion OH- hydroxyl ion Inorganic Groups We Will Use -OH alcohol -PO4=phosphate -NH2 amino or amine

6. Organic molecules in physiology • Name elements ratios • Carbohydrates C,H,O H:O is 2:1 • Lipids C,H,O H:O is many:1 • Proteins C,H,O,N • Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P

7. Reactions that build up Anabolism examples include glycogenesis - combining glucose units to make glycogen building fats protein synthesis DNA replication Reactions that tear down Catabolism examples include glycogenolysis - splitting glucose molecules off of a glycogen molecule glycolysis - spitting a glucose into two molecules burning fats Vocabulary builder genesis - creation of lysis - splitting of Metabolismall the reactions in the body

8. Anabolism uses dehydration synthesis to join molecules remove a H from one molecule and an OH from another form water, H2O the other molecules join where the water left to form one molecule Catabolism uses hydrolysis to separate molecules separate a water, H2O into H and OH add the H to an oxygen in one molecule add the OH to a carbon in the molecule, separating the molecule into two molecules Dehydration - remove water synthesis - put together Hydro - water lysis - splitting Metabolism

9. Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches • basic building block is the • monosaccharide - one sugar - C6H12O6 • glucose, galactose, fructose • isomers - same molecular formula, different structural formulas H H-C-OH H C O HO OH C C H H C C HO H HO H H H-C-OH H C O H OH C C HO H C C HO H HO H H H H C OH O H C OH H C C OH H C C H HO OH

10. Carbohydrates • Disaccharide - two sugars • formed by dehydration synthesis • glucose + fructose  sucrose + water table sugar • glucose +galactose  lactose + water milk sugar • glucose + glucose  maltose + water malt sugar

11. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide - glycogen • many glucose units in a branching pattern • liver and skeletal muscle are good sources • hormone insulin stimulates glycogen production (glycogenesis) • hormone glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) • glycogen is found in animal cells as an inclusion

12. Carbohydrates • Starches are complex carbohydrates, often two polysaccharide chains • plants make starches, including the indigestible cellulose • examples - wheat, rice, corn, potato, cassava, rye, barley

13. Waxes Fats Steroids Phospholipids Glycolipids Lipoproteins Eicosanoids Candles, honeycomb butter, lard cholesterol,sex hormones, Vit D cell membranes cell membranes HDLs and LDLs, lipid transport prostaglandins, leukotrienes Lipidsnot water soluble, oxygen poor molecules

14. Neutral Fats triglyceride glycer - 3 carbons glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol tri - three fatty acids fatty - chain of carbons and hydrogens acid - organic acid, the carboxyl group In combined form, not acidic usual form of neutral fat H H H H - C - C - C - H . OH OH OH H H H H H H H H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - . H H H H H H H O C - OH Lipids - fats

15. Lipids - fats • One glycerol • dehydration synthesis with one fatty acid forms a • monoglyceride • dehydration synthesis with a second fatty acid • diglyceride • dehydration synthesis with a third fatty acid • triglyceride • three water molecules are produced

16. Saturated fats produced by animals and some tropical plants contains no carbon-carbon double bonds carbon bonds are saturated with hydrogens Unsaturated fats produced by animals and plants contains carbon-carbon double bonds carbon bonds are not saturated with hydrogens polyunsaturated Lipids - fats O H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

17. Lipids - steroids Outline of a steroid molecule • Basic building block - cholesterol • examples are: • vitamin D • sex hormones - testosterone, estrogen, progesterone • glucocorticoids - hydroxycortisone • mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

18. Lipids - phospholipids • One glycerol • two fatty acids • one phospho group - phosphate, may have amino groups • fatty acids are hydrophobic - water fearing • phospho end is hydrophilic - water loving

19. Lipids - phospholipids • Cells are wet inside and outside • phospho end will face the water • lipid ends will face each other • phospholipid bilayer is formed • water water • outside cell inside cell • phospho fatty acids • hydrophilic hydrophobic

20. Lipids - glycolipids • Like phospholipids with a carbohydrate in place of the phospho group • carbohydrate end of the glycolipids are usually found on the outer surface of a cell membrane carbohydrate glycerol two fatty acids • outside of cell inside of cell

21. HDL high density lipoproteins LDL low density lipoproteins mobilizes fats deposits fats Lipids - lipoproteins

22. Proteins - C, H, O, N • The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid. • Many amino acid molecules link together to form a polypetide. • A very large polypeptide is a protein. • The structure may be relatively simple for a small polypeptide, but quite complex for a large protein.

23. Amino Acids The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid There are four main parts in an amino acid 1 a central carbon atom 2 the amine or amino group -NH2 3 the carboxyl or organic acid group -COOH 4 an R group that is different for each of the .. twenty amino acids

24. Amino Acids Central carbon Amino group • All amino acids follow this basic plan • The R groups can be polar or nonpolar, charged, or neutral. One amino acid, cystine, contains sulfur and can form a bond, the disulfide bridge. H H O N - C- C-O-H HH-C-H H Carboxyl group R group Radical or “rest of the molecule”

25. Proteins Two amino acids can form a peptide bond by dehydration synthesis. H H O H H O H H O H O N-C-C-O-H +N-C-C-O-H N-C-C-O-N-C-C-O-H H H H H H H H H H-O + H amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water Peptide Bond

26. Proteins • Many amino acids joined in a chain will form a polypeptide. • The sequence of the 20 amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the primary structure of a protein. • This sequence or primary structure will determine the shape and characteristics of the final protein.

27. Proteins The primary structure will determine the twists (ex. alpha helix) and folds (ex. pleated sheets) that are the secondary structure of a protein.

28. Proteins • The polypeptide, unless it is very small, will also fold and twist the secondary structure for another level of complexity. You might imagine a toy slinky being the secondary structure of a protein, and the slinky being tied in a knot as the tertiary structure of that protein.

29. Proteins • The tertiary structure of a protein gives it a unique shape and function. • Some proteins are even more complex, and are made of two polypeptides that are twisted and folded together. • This is the quaternary structure of a protein. • Hemoglobin is a good example of this kind of protein with an alpha polypeptide and a beta polypeptide folded together

30. Proteins • Proteins are produced by structures called ribosomes in our cells by a process called protein synthesis. • If you change the shape of a protein, you usually change its’ function. • These proteins may be structural proteins, enzymes or hormones to name a few of their uses.

31. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Nicotinomide Adenine Dinucleotide Flavoprotein version of NAD DNA RNA ATP ADP C-AMP NAD FAD Nucleic Acids

32. Nucleotide one phosphate group one sugar one nitrogen base Basic building block of the nucleic acid 5 C or pentose sugar Nucleic AcidsC, H, O, N, P

33. phosphate group connects the sugar molecules in the “backbone” of the molecule Nucleic Acids Deoxyribose or Ribose sugar (5 C pentose) makes DNA or RNA • nitrogen base • DNA 4 types • RNA 4 types DNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine RNA - adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

34. Purines - larger adenine guanine Pyrimidines - smaller thymine - uracil cytosine Nucleotides - bases . Two hydrogen bonds . . Three hydrogen bonds . A T U G C

35. Deoxyribonucleic Aciddouble helix Nitrogen bases Sugar phosphate backbone Two stranded or double helix

36. Double strand helix thymine much larger than RNA in nucleus and mitochondria genetic material of the cell Single strand various shapes uracil smaller than DNA made in nucleus (nucleolus) functions in cytoplasm used in protein synthesis r-RNA (ribosomal) t-RNA (transfer) m-RNA (messenger) DNA RNA

37. ATP - triphosphate ADP - diphosphate High energy molecule lower energy molecule High energy phosphate bonds adenine Left arrow once to repeat energy release High energy phosphate bonds P P P P energy released from . phosphate bond and . . used in reactions like . . protein synthesis Ribose sugar Phosphate groups

38. AMP - monophosphate Second messenger in cell membranes changes shape in response to an enzyme c-AMP adenine P Ribose sugar