The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School

2. People began to question and criticize the Church during the Renaissance • By the 1500s, many in Europe began calling for a reformation in the Church • In Germany, a new form of Christianity arose--Protestantism

3. Martin Luther • Luther is the man who started the Protestant Reformation • Born—1483 to poor peasants • (Tell Story) • Becomes a monk

4. Martin Luther

5. Creates his Protestant philosophy after reading St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans • His ideas was called Justification by Faith • One simply needs to have faith in God, and they shall go to Heaven

6. While Luther was forming his ideas, Pope Leo X was trying to raise $ to build St. Peter’s Basilica • Sold Church offices • Sold Indulgences—paid pardons for sin (give example)

7. Luther hated indulgences • He preached against their sale • October 31, 1517—Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of Wittenburg Cathedral • His criticisms of the Catholic Church (indulgences, corrupt clergy, etc.)

9. The printing press allowed copies of Luther’s 95 Theses to be spread across Germany • The number of indulgences sold actually decreased • How did the Pope feel about the sale of indulgences decreasing??

10. Pope Leo X sent people to Germany to stop Luther • 1520: Pope Leo X formally condemned Luther • 1521: Luther was excommunicated • What is excommunication???

11. Diet of Worms: • Held in Worms, Germany shortly after Luther’s excommunication • Members of the diet wanted Luther to recant his statements about the church and Pope (What is meant to recant?) • Luther attended the diet, but refused to recant (Tell story) • Became an outlaw to the Church

12. Luther at the Diet of Worms

13. Luther goes into hiding • Many German Princes help protect Luther • While in hiding, Luther translates the New Testament into German • Luther, also, creates the worlds 1st Protestant Religion--Lutheranism

14. Lutheranism: • Not that different from Catholicism • Believed in Justification of faith • you don’t have to do good works • Religious truth lies solely in the Bible • Who should read the Bible????? • Church is a community—not a hierarchy like the Catholic Church

15. By the late 1500s, Lutheranism was widely accepted in many parts of Germany • Many north German Principalities made Lutheranism their official religion • Merchants took Lutheran ideas through the rest of Europe • North Germany—Protestant (Lutheran) • South Germany--Catholic

17. Spread of Protestantism

18. Swiss Reformers • With the rise of Lutheranism, Swiss preachers and merchants also broke from the Catholic Church • Swiss preachers and merchants set up churches called Reformed • Huldreich Zwingli: leader of the Swiss Protestant Movement • He believed in Luther’s “justification by faith” • He criticized the Catholic Church for its vices

19. Unlike Luther, Zwingli wanted a COMPLETE break from the Catholic Church • He also wanted to produce a Church-run state (theocracy) in the city of Zurich • 1525: Zwingli created his theocracy in Zurich • This theocracy was short lived • -1531: war erupted between Protestants and Catholics • Zwingli was defeated

20. Huldreich Zwingli

21. John Calvin • Born in France in 1509 • Catholic • Educated in theology, law, and humanism • Carefully studied the Bible • His studying of the Bible helped him developed his Protestant ideas

22. John Calvin

23. 1536: Calvin published his ideas in The Institutes of the Christian Religion • Calvin’s idea was based on the belief that God was omnipotent—God possessed all power and knowledge • Calvin believed that all people’s fates were controlled by God—predestination • Calvin created his own theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

24. Calvin used a Consistory (a group of 12 men) to make sure all people in his theocracy were obeying the laws • People could NOT: • Fight • Gamble • Curse • Become intoxicated • Dance • People still caught practicing Catholic belief were executed • People were required to attend church many times during the week

25. Radical Reformers--Anabaptists • The Anabaptists began the practice of adult baptism • Only adults were allowed to be members of the Anabaptist church • They believed only adults were able to make the decisions to become Christians, not infants or children • Many Anabaptist groups did not allow local government to control their lives • They would refuse to hold public office, would not carry weapons, and would not take oaths

26. Most Anabaptists were peaceful people • Some groups, however, were very radical and violent • 1534: a group of violent Anabaptists took over the German city of Munster • They burned books and took land • A combination of Lutherans and Catholics drove the Anabaptists out of Munster • Anabaptist leaders were executed • Many Anabaptists fled to the America’s in the 1600s

27. England’s Church • End of the 1500s: the Reformation had reached England • The king of England—Henry VIII—and the Pope had a serious confrontation • Henry had no male heir to his throne • His wife—Catherineof Aragon—had given birth to 6 children • Only 1 of the 6 had survived—Mary • Henry needed a male heir to keep other families from taking the English Throne

28. Henry VIII

29. Henry decided that his wife Catherine could not produce a male child • Henry wanted to annul (like a divorce) his marriage to Catherine • The Pope denied Henry’s request • Henry decided to break England away from the Catholic Church so he could annul his marriage to Catherine • Henry became the head of this new Church in England • 1534: Parliament finalized the separation between England and the Catholic Church

30. Catherine of Aragon

31. Henry finally divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn • Anne will get pregnant, but she, too, had a girl—Elizabeth • Henry will eventually have Anne executed and marry Jane Seymore • Jane will give Henry a male child—Edward • Jane will die soon after giving birth to the child • Henry will marry 3 more times before he dies in 1547 • Edward will be his only male child

32. Anne Boleyn Jane Seymore Henry VIII Video

33. 1547: Henry VIII died leaving his throne to the young Edward • Edward was only 9 years old • Edward was small and sickly • A council was elected to rule in place of Edward • 1553: Edward died at the age of 16 • After Edward’s death, his half sister Mary became queen of England • Mary wanted to return England to the Catholic Church

34. Queen Mary I (“Bloody Mary”)

35. Mary burned hundreds of Protestants in order to scare people to become Catholic • She earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” • Her actions backfired • More people began to convert to the Protestant Church • 1558: Mary died with no heir to the throne • Mary’s half sister Elizabeth became queen of England

36. Queen Elizabeth I

37. Elizabeth will combine the Church of England with lots of Catholic aspects into the Anglican Church • Many in England wanted to get rid of all Catholic ideas in the Church of England—they wanted to “purify” the Church of England • These people were the Puritans

38. Catholic Reformation

39. Some areas of Europe still remained very Catholic • S_______________________ • F_______________________ • I______________________ • P_______________________ • H______________________ • P______________________ • Southern Parts of Germany • The Catholic Church will decide to reform itself—Catholic (Counter) Reformation

40. 1536: Pope Paul III had a study conducted on what reform was needed and who to blame for Church problems • The study blamed ________________ for all of the Church’s problems • Also included reforms that could bring Protestants back to the Church • Unfortunately, the Church failed to act on the reforms

41. Pope Paul III

42. 1540s: Catholic Church decides to act • Introduce a “rebirth of faith” to the people • 1542: implement the Inquisition -Church court that went after heretics • Inquisition had 2 purposes: 1.) rid Italy of non-Catholics 2.) restore the Pope’s authority over the Church

43. Council of Trent (1545-1563): • Called by Pope Paul III • Church tries to solidify its doctrine 1.) Salvation could not be reached by faith alone—you had to do good works 2.) Latin Vulgate version of the Bible—only acceptable Bible 3.) Stops the sale of indulgences 4.) Clergy/Priests—follow strict rules 5.) Seminaries created to train priests 6.) Mass still to be said in Latin

44. Council of Trent

45. Spread of Catholicism: • Church used monks and nuns to help spread Catholicism • Who did the monks and nuns try to convert to Christianity (Catholicism)???

46. Ignatius Loyola: • Priest who created the Jesuits(Society of Jesus) • Absolutely obedient to the Pope • Lived simple lives • Sent around the world to spread Catholic faith • Created schools to teach religion and sciences

47. Ignatius Loyola

48. Results of the Catholic Reformation: • Mid-1500s: Catholic Church became stronger • Was it as strong as it was before the Protestant Reformation???? • Some Protestants were reclaimed • Much of Europe still remained Protestant • By 1545: Europe was divided • Northern Europe—Protestant • Southern Europe—Catholic

49. Eventually, war will break out in Europe between Catholics and Protestants