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Sound Wave Properties

Sound Wave Properties. Sound. Sound is a longitudinal (Mechanical)wave caused by a vibrating object Molecules collide , producing sound Examples: Vocal chords , guitar or piano strings, tuning fork, etc. Longitudinal Wave. Referred to as a PRESSURE WAVE

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Sound Wave Properties

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  1. Sound Wave Properties

  2. Sound • Sound is a longitudinal(Mechanical)wave caused by a vibrating object • Molecules collide, producing sound • Examples: Vocal chords, guitar or piano strings, tuning fork, etc.

  3. Longitudinal Wave • Referred to as a PRESSURE WAVE • A sound wave has high pressure and low pressure regions moving through a medium • The high pressure regions are called compressions, molecules are compressed • The low pressure regions are called rarefactions, molecules are spread out

  4. Frequency • The frequency of a sound wave (or any wave) is the number of complete vibrations per second. • The frequency of sound determines its pitch • The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch • The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch

  5. Wavelength • Wavelength is the distance between two high pressures or two low pressures • Wavelength and frequency are inversely related • A short wavelength (high frequency) results in a high pitch • http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sound

  6. Frequency and the human ear • Humans can hear a range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz • The older you get, the hearing range shrinks • Sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic • Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic

  7. Amplitude • The AMPLITUDE of a sound wave determines it’s loudness or softness • This means the more energy in a sound wave, the louder the sound • Sound intensityis a measure of how much energy passes a given point in a time period • Intensity is measured in decibels

  8. Sound Behaviors: Reflection • Reflection of sound results in an echo • Sound waves leave a source, travel a distance, and bounce back to the origin • Animals, like bats, uses echoes to locate prey • Other uses include determining distance between objects, echocardiograms • The distance the sound travels to get back to the origin is 2x the distance between the sound source and boundary

  9. Sound Behavior: Refraction • Refraction occurs when sound moves from one medium to another • The wave bends, and the speed changes • Even when sound moves from warmer areas to cooler areas, refraction occurs

  10. Sound Behavior: Diffraction • Diffraction occurs when sound waves pass through an opening or through a barrier • Low pitched sound waves travel farther than high pitched sound waves • Animals use diffraction for communication

  11. Velocity • Velocity of sound depends on the medium it travels through and the phase of the medium • Sound travels faster in liquids than in air (4 times faster in water than air) • Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids (11 times faster in iron than in air) • Sound does not travel through a vacuum (there is no air so sound has no medium)

  12. Velocity and Temperature • In air at room temperature, sound travels at 343 m/s (at 20°C). This is about 766 mph. • As temperature increases, the velocity of sound increases v= velocity of sound in air T=temperature of air in °C v=331 + (0.6)T

  13. Wave Equation • The basic wave equation is also applied to sound • V= velocity, measured in m/s • λ= wavelength, measured in meters • f= frequency, measured in hertz

  14. Bellwork • What type of wave is a sound wave? • What is a compression? Rarefaction? • Based on yesterday’s class, state the relationship between wavelength and the pitch of a sound wave. • Explain in one sentence how blowing across a straw produces a sound. • How can you change the loudness of a sound you produce?

  15. Example Problems: • Sound waves travel at approximately 340 m/s. What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 20 Hz? • What is the speed of sound traveling in air at 20º C? • If the above sound wave has a frequency of 261.6 Hz, what is the wavelength of the wave?

  16. What is the Doppler Effect? • http://molebash.com/doppler/home.htm

  17. Doppler Effect • Sound waves move out in all directions

  18. Definition • The Doppler effect is a change in the apparent frequency due to the motion of the source or the receiver • Example: As an ambulance with sirens approaches, the pitch seems high. As the ambulance moves by the pitch lowers.

  19. Doppler Effect • As the wave travels outward, the front of the wave bunches up, producing a shorter wavelength • We hear a higher frequency

  20. The back of the wave spreads out, producing a longer wavelength • We hear a lower frequency • http://www.sounddogs.com/searchresults.asp?Keyword=Doppler

  21. Observer A hears a low pitch (lower frequency) • Observer B hears the correct pitch (no change in frequency) • Observer C hears a high pitch (high frequency)

  22. When the source goes faster, the wave fronts in the front of the source start to bunch up closer and closer together, until...

  23. The object actually starts to go faster than the speed of sound. A sonic boom is then created.

  24. Uses of the Doppler Effect • Police use Doppler to measure your speed with radar • A frequency is sent out with a radar gun • The sound wave hits your car and bounces back to the police car • Speed can be determined based on the frequency changes received • Radar can be used to determine the speed of baseballs • Astronomers can determine the distance to other galaxies • Bats use Doppler to locate prey • If the bat is catching the prey, the frequency is high • If the prey is moving away from the bat, the frequency is low

  25. Doppler Equation • = frequency detected by observer • = frequency produced by the source • = velocity of the sound wave • = velocity of the detector (observer) • = velocity of the source

  26. Things to remember • The velocity detected by the observer (vd) is negative if the observer moves away from the source • The velocity detected by the observer (vd) is positive is the observer moves toward the source • The velocity of the source () is negative if the source moves toward the observer • The velocity of the source () is positive if the source moves away from the observer

  27. Example A trumpet player plays a C note of 524 Hz while traveling in a convertible at 24.6 m/s. If the car is coming toward you, what frequency should you hear? Assume the temperature is 20°C.

  28. Homework p.405 # 1-5 (use table 15-1 for the speed of sound in various media) p. 409 #6-8 Read Carefully!

  29. Hearing Range Frequencies • http://www.movingsoundtech.com/ • http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2009/03/can-you-hear-this-hearing-test/

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