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The Hundred Years’ War and the Growth of Nations

The Hundred Years’ War and the Growth of Nations. During the High Middle Ages, how did the relationship between monarchs (kings/queens/emperors) and their vassals (high level nobles such as dukes) begin to change? This trend continued during the Late Middle Ages

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The Hundred Years’ War and the Growth of Nations

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  1. The Hundred Years’ War and the Growth of Nations

  2. During the High Middle Ages, how did the relationship between monarchs (kings/queens/emperors) and their vassals (high level nobles such as dukes) begin to change? • This trend continued during the Late Middle Ages • (Approximate Dates: 1300 – 1500 CE) • However, the popes continued to claim that, as the supreme religious leaders of Western Europe, their power was superior to that of any monarch Monarchs and Popes

  3. In the late 1200s, King Philip IV of France claimed the right to tax religious officials in France • When Pope Boniface VIII rejected this claim, Philip attempted to have Boniface arrested • When Boniface died in 1305, Philip engineered the election of a French Pope (Clement V), who took up residence in the French city of Avignon • 1377—Cardinals in Rome elect an Italian Pope, who remains in Rome; • French Cardinals elected their own Pope, who continued to reside in Avignon • 1377-1417—Two different popes hold office simultaneously—one in Avignon, one in Rome…each claiming that the other is the Antichrist The Second Great Schism

  4. Results of the Schism: • 1) Decline in the power of the Popes; decreased importance of the Church • 2) Increase in the power of Monarchs The Second Great Schism

  5. Dates: 1337 – 1453 • Cause: King Philip VI of France seized the Duchy of Gascony (which was owned by the English King Edward III) • At the outset of the war, both sides were extremely enthusiastic; • The knights saw the war as the ultimate test of military skill The Hundred Year’s War

  6. Battle of Crecy • 1346 • The French knights attacked with no plan or coordination • The English foot soldiers and archers (using longbows) devastated the French • Battle of Agincourt • 1415 • English King Henry V launches a second invasion of France • The heavily-armored French knights attacked across a muddy field, leading to disaster • 1500 French nobles killed The Battles of Crecy and Agincourt

  7. Daughter of wealthy commoners; • Deeply religious young woman who claimed to have experienced visions in which saints commanded her to save France • At the Battle of Orleans in 1429, she led the French to victory • 1430—Joan was captured by the English, and burned as a witch; • But the victory at Orleans turned the tide of the war Joan of Arc

  8. After Orleans, the French won a string of victories • Key to their success was the use of a new weapon: canons • Results of the War • 1) Greatly increased sense of “nationhood” in France and England • 2) Increased the power of the monarchs: • Especially their authority to tax • 3) Institution of large standing armies in France and England • And a major change in military tactics: • Infantry and archers replaced mounted knights as the primary component of European armies. End and Results of the War

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