THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 509-264 BCE

1. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC509-264 BCE TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BY IDENTIFYING THEIR ACTIONS THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF A STATE AND SOCIETY

2. CREATING POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS • PRAGMATIC & PRACTICAL • SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUM “THE ROMAN SENATE & PEOPLE” • CONSTITUTION CHANGED AS SOCIETY CHANGED 509 BCE VS. 27 BCE • CONSTITUTION SET OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS, CUSTOMS & LAWS • SOCIAL DIVISIONS SHAPED POLITICS • PATRICIANS 10% PLEBIANS 90% • SENATE –STABILITY & CONTINUITY

3. EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT • EXECUTIVE – 2 CONSULS • LEGISLATURE – STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS • SENATE • ASSEMBLY OF CENTURIES • TRIBUNES – PLEBES W/ VETO • ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES • 12 TABLES 451 BC – 1ST LEGAL CODE • LANDMARK 287 ALL LAWS PASSED BY PLEBEIAN ASSEMBLY HAD FORCE OF LAW & BINDING ON ALL – NO SENATE APPROVAL LASTING LEGACY WAS STRUGGLE ORDERLY, PEACEFUL & NOT VIOLENT – PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS ALL MALE CITIZENS = BEFORE THE LAW PATERFAMILIAS

4. RULER OF ITALIAN PENINSULA • 500-300 BCE - CONQUEST OF ITALY – GAULS – PAID OFF TO LEAVE 390BCE • SUPERIOR ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTIONS & MANPOWER WON OUT TIME AFTER TIME • COLONIZATION – SPREAD CULTURE; GENIUS WAS BRING-ING HETEROGENEOUS GROUPS INTO 1 POL. SYSTEM • 2 GROUPS – THOSE IN & AROUND ROME “ROMANS” AND THOSE FURTHER FROM ROME - “ITALIANS” – NO VOTE • THIS STRATEGY ALLOWED FOR PEOPLES TO SHARE A CULTURE TO BECOME “ROMAN”

5. OVERSEAS EXPANSION • SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY • BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH • PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS • 1ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE • CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

6. OVERSEAS EXPANSION • SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY • BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH • PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS • 1ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE • CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

7. 2ND PUNIC WAR 218-202 BCE – ROME SEIZED CORSICA & SARDINIA H. BARCA EXTENDS C. LAND IN SPAIN FOR MANPOWER SPAIN DIVIDED B/W C. & R. C. PROVOKED & DECLARES WAR BAD FOR ROME UNTIL BATTLE OF ZAMA 202 BCE R. CONTROLS SPAIN, C. $, WON’T DECLARE WAR W/O PERM.

8. THE DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE • CARTHAGE BASICALLY NEUTERED BUT SOME ROMANS WANT MORE – CONSERVATIVES CONTROL SENATE • ROME DECLARES WAR A 3RD TIME SINCE C. BROKE TREATY BUT NOT A REAL THREAT • 149-146 BCE • CARTHAGE NO MATCH FOR ROMANS UNDER SCIPIO AEMILIANUS AFRICANUS THE YOUNGER • CARTHAGE ROMAN TERRITORY CALLED “AFRICA” • CITY RAZED, SURVIVORS SOLD INTO SLAVERY

9. CONFLICTS IN THE EAST • CONFLICT BETWEEN ROMANS AND MACEDONIANS & SELEUCID KINGDOM • ROME CHAMPIONED GREEK STATES’ FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE • TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES REARRANGED IN HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS AS A RESULT • FREEDOM BY 196 BCE • ROME TRIED TO STAY OUT OF GREEK AFFAIRS BUT WILL MAKE THEM PROVINCES STARTING IN 148 BCE • MACEDONIA, CORINTH, PEGAMUM DEEDED TO ROME 133 BCE – FIRST ROMAN PROVINCE IN ASIA • MARE NOSTRUM; “OUR SEA”; MASTER OF THE MEDITERRANEAN • SPAIN TO ASIA MINOR BY 130 BCE