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Population and Urbanization. Demography -- study of human population Fertility incidence of childbearing in a society’s population. Fecundity -- maximum potential of childbearing ability of women. Crude birth rate -- number of live births per 1000 of population in a given year. Mortality
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Population and Urbanization • Demography -- study of human population Fertility • incidence of childbearing in a society’s population. • Fecundity -- maximum potential of childbearing ability of women. • Crude birth rate -- number of live births per 1000 of population in a given year.
Mortality • Incidence of death in a society’s population • Crude death rate -- deaths per 1000 of population in a given year. • Infant Mortality Rate -- deaths per 1000 among infants under one year . • Life expectancy-- average life span of a society’s population.
Migration • Movement of people into and out of a specified territory. • Immigration -- movement into a territory. • emigration -- movement out of a territory.
Population Growth Rate -- subtract crude death rate from crude birth rate. Low in rich countries and high in poor countries. • Population Composition a) Sex Ratio -- number of males per 100 females in a given population. b) Age-sex pyramid - graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.
POPULATION THEORIESMalthusian Perspective • Population, if left unchecked, will tend to exceed the food supply. • Checks on population can be positive (famines, wars) or preventive (birth control). • For the poor, any improvement in income is lost to additional births. • The wealthy and better educated already exercise preventive checks.
Projected Population of the U.S.: 2 or 3 Child Average per Family
Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages • Stage 1. • Birth rate and the death rate are high. • Population growth is modest.
Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages • Stage 2. • Birth rate remains high. • Death rate begins to drop sharply because of sanitation, increased food production, medical advances. • Rate of population growth is very high. • Most sub-Saharan African countries are presently at this stage.
Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages • Stage 3. • The birth rate declines sharply. • Because the death rate continues to drop, population growth is still rapid.
Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages • Stage 4. • Birth rate and the death rate are low. • Population grows slowly if at all. • North America, Europe, and Japan are at this stage today.
Global Population Trends. a) Zero Population Growth -- reproduction maintains population at a steady state. Prevalent in developed countries. b) In less developed countries -- children are still seen as economic assets, status of women is low.
URBANIZATION • Process by which an increasing proportion of population lives in cities. • Metropolis -- large cities that exert influence over a region. • Megalopolis -- overlapping area consisting of at least two large cities and their suburbs. • Suburbs-- urban areas beyond the political boundaries of the city.
Urbanization Trends • Only 5% of the American population lived in urban areas in 1790. • As recently as 1800, less than 3% of the world’s population lived in cities of 20,000 or more. • 45% of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. • In North America, 80% of the population lives in cities.
What are the problems confronting urban areas? • Urban renewal (gentrification) -- refurbishing of old buildings to put them to new use. • Read about what metropolitan statistical and consolidated metropolitan areas are.
Experiencing the City Ferdinand Tonnies • Gemeinschaft (community) -- people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition. • Gesellschaft (society) -- people have weak social ties and are self interested.
Urbanization in Poor Countries. • Contain most of the world largest cities. • Cities have a tough time supporting the growing urban populations. Why are people moving to cities? What are the problems of urbanization in poor countries?
