Population and Urbanization

1. Population and Urbanization Chapter 14

2. Demography and Fertility • Demography is a field of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution. • Demography is used to examine the effects of population on society • Fertility is the level of childbearing for an individual or population. • This is affected by the demography. • How many women? • Health and nutrition?

3. Birth Rates and Mortality • Crude birth rate…the number of live births per 1000 people in a given year. • 12.9 in 2015 (CIA) • 27 in 1947 (baby boom) • Some nations have high crude birth rates but also have high infant mortality rates. • Mortality is the incidence of death in a population. • Crude death rate…number of deaths per 1000 in a given year. • Infant mortality rate…number of deaths with infants under 1 year.

4. Migration • Migration is the movement of people from one geographic area to another (forced or voluntary). • Wars • Persecution • Natural disasters • Political unrest

5. Migration Two types of movement: • Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. • Pull factors…people are pulled to an area • Freedom, democratic government etc… • Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere. • Push factors…people are pushed from an area • Natural disasters, tyrannical government

6. Population Composition • Population composition is a part of demography that looks at the make up of the population including: • Age • Sex • Marital status • Education • Occupation • Income • Size of household

7. Population • Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. • 6 billion in 1999, 7 billion in 2011. • Predicted to be 8 billion by 2023 and 10 billion by 2050. • Many feel Earth can’t support that

8. Growth in the World’s Population

10. Theories of Population Growth • The Malthusian Perspective • The Marxist Perspective • The Neo-Malthusian Perspective • Demographic Transition Theory

11. Malthusian Perspective • If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. • Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …) . • The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .). • Believed only acceptable check on population is moral restraint. • People should practice abstinence.

12. Marxist Perspective • Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. • Capitalism is the root of the problem • Wealthy control the resources and means of food production. • Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. • Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

13. The Neo-Malthusian Perspective • More recent movement. • Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. • Believe in use of birth control • People should be encouraging zero population growth. • Population balances…does not grow

14. Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. • Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

15. Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

16. Fig. 15-3, p. 457

17. Problems of Population Growth • Competition for resources • Overuse of resources • Environmental devastation • Increased poverty in LDC’s

18. Urbanization

19. Development of a City City… a relatively permanent and dense settlement of people with non-agricultural activities. Three preconditions: • A favorable physical environment. • An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. • A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

20. p. 460

21. Concentric Zone Model (Functionalist Perspective) • Cities develop depending on land use. Areas move from center circularly. • Invasion…new type of land use evolves in occupied area • Succession…the invading land use eventually dominates the area • Gentrification…middle and upper middle classes move into city and renovate.

22. Sector and Multiple Nuclei • Sector model emphasizes the importance of terrain and transportation in the layout of a city. • Multiple Nuclei model says that cities have numerous centers of development.

23. Fig. 15-4, p. 464

24. Conflict Perspective • Conflict theorists believe that cities do not grow or decline by chance or that urban growth is natural…they believe they are the products of capitalist decisions. • Cities are developed based on exchange value…the profits that the wealthy make from development.

25. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective • Simmel's View of City Life…Cities develop because… • Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. • Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

26. Suburbs • Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. • Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts. • Leads to fiscal crisis in cities.