Population and Urbanization Chapter 13

1. Population and UrbanizationChapter 13 By Dr. John Brenner

2. Population Sociologist study population to consider the rates at which people are born, die and move in and out of countries They examine social factors that influence the population rate changes

3. India Second largest population in the world—1.03 billion 17% of the world’s population on only 2.4% of the world’s land mass About 1/3 the size of the U.S. First in the world to adopt family planning programs in 1950s 1/3 (343 million) of the people are hungry

4. India India’s population is 1.08 billion, China’s population is 1.31 billion USA is the third largest population at 295.7 million people India’s population will double in 43.8 years USA is only 4.6% of total world population emitting 24% of the carbon monoxide—greenhouse gases

5. Population Demography-sociologist that focus on the study of human populations especially size and rate of growth Birth Rate—annual number of births per every 1,000 people in an area 2004—India at 22.94; USA at 14.01 Age-specific birth rates—rate for a specific group like women 15-54 India—76.5; USA is 42.2 per 1,000

6. Population Total fertility rate-average number of children that women in a specific population will bear in a lifetime India—average women bears 2.91 children United States—2.07 children Consider that a woman has the potential to bear 20-25 children in her lifetime Sociologist want to know what factors make the child bearing different in different populations

7. Population Crude death rates—annual number of deaths per every 1,000 people in a given population Rate is 8.49 for both India and 8.44 for the United States Infant mortality rate—death rate among children one year old or younger United States rate is 7 and India 60 per 1,000

8. Population Population pyramid—series of horizontal bar graphs representing a different five year cohort (people who share a common characteristic like age—those born in a 5 year period) Pyramids let us view relative sizes of the age cohorts of men and women in comparison to each other

9. Population Expansive pyramids—triangular, broadest at base and gets smaller as it goes up—increasing population with mostly young Constrictive—narrower at base than in the middle—more middle-aged and older Stationary—all cohorts are relatively the same size, found in wealthy countries

10. Population India and China account for 32.7% of the people born between 1990-2000 52% of the Indian population consist of men and women of childbearing ages India and U.S. have death rate of 8.5/1000 12.4% of U.S. population is over 65, only 4.8% in India Survival rates are not equal in these two countries

11. Population Migration—movement of people from one residence to another Migration rate—difference between the number entering and leaving an area Push factors—conditions causing people to leave (discrimination, unemployment, natural disasters) Pull factors—conditions encouraging people to come to an area (jobs, climate, tolerance)

12. Population Emigration—departure from a country Immigration—entrance of individuals to a new country Three major international migration European exodus to colonize the world Asians to East Africa, U.S. and Brazil Force movement to 11 million Africans to slavery

13. Population Internal migration—movement of people within a country U.S. has high rates of this—each year 43.4 million move In-migration—movement into an area Out-migration—movement out of an area Much of migration is rural-urban and much of it is movement a short distance

14. Population Populations constantly change due to births, deaths, and migrations Natural increase—number of births minus deaths in a year Rate of natural increase—natural increase divided by the size of a population at the beginning of a year Doubling time—number of years needed to double the population size

15. Demographic Transition A theory stating that a country’s birth and death rates are linked to it’s level of industrial and economic development This model presented here offers general characteristics It has three stages

16. Demographic Transition Stage One High birth and death rates Mortality crises—frequent fluctuations in death rate due to war, famine, and epidemics (called “positive checks” by Malthus) Life is short and brutal—life expectancy is 20 to 35 with women, and children under 5 most vulnerable Living in the time of the Black Plague Women have an average of 7 live births to ensure that two of them will live to adulthood

17. Demographic Transition Stage two Transition stage—death rate declines due to 1. increases in food supply 2. Public health and sanitation increase—use of cotton clothing and new ways to prepare food Change is not due to medical technology advances Demographic gap—death rates decline and birth rates stay high—population increases Urbanization—increases in the number of cities Around 1880 fertility declines as less of need for many children and the children have a greater chance of surviving to adulthood and the change in status of women

18. Demographic Transition Stage 3 After 1930, birth and death rates decline and population growth slowed Life expectancy at birth increases to 70 Reduced infant, childhood and maternal mortality Now accidents, suicide, and homicides become the leading cause of death among young people For the first time in history people 50 and older account for 70% of the annual deaths Japan, and all the countries of North America and Western Europe are in this category

19. Industrialization Definitions of countries industrial situation is difficult Developed/developing—will be called Labor-intensive counties First World/Third World—will be called Core economies Each of these groups would have different doubling time, infant mortality, total fertility, per capita income, percentage of the population engaged in farming and annual energy consumption

20. Demographic Transition in India India was for a long time a colony of the British who came there for raw materials, labor and a market for goods Multinational corporations serve much the same function as the East India Company did in the past Demographic transition is different in India

21. Demographic Transition in India Factors causing declines in total fertility 1. less than 50% of labor force works in agriculture 2. at least 50% of 5-19 year olds are in school 3. Life expectancy is at least 60 4. Infant mortality rate is less than 65/1000 5. 80% of females 15-91 are not married India has met the school and infant mortality condition 1.70% are employed in agriculture 2. 60% of women, 81% men are in school 3. life expectancy is 55 4.infant mortality 51.4/1000 5. almost all women are married by 19

22. Demographic Transition in India The birth rates vary throughout the country 1975-77—Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Promoted sterilizations and vasectomies And offered incentives to people This shows that increasing female education and status lower birth and fertility rates India has used family planning to reduce birth and fertility rates

23. Demographic Transition in India In India the death rate started to drop in 1920 Medical advancements, agricultural practices and mass inoculations Demographic trap Population growth overwhelms the environment’s carrying capacity The concern that the population growth is so large that people are left without food

24. Demographic Transition in India United Nations Food Programme (WFP) States it is not the lack of food but the lack of access to food that makes people hungry The Green Revolution was to use chemicals to make fertilizer to increase yields Short term gains but for wealthy farmers Displaced the poor farmers Use insecticides to kill insects then people cut down the trees causing floods for people in Bangladesh

25. Demographic Transition in India Externality costs—costs not figured into the price of a product but they a price that is paid non the less In Bangladesh the removal of the trees allowed for short term financial gain When the monsoon rains came terrible floods killed people In 1998—31 million were homeless and 918 dead Costs also include clean-ups of the environment

26. Demographic Transition in India Urbanization encompasses 1. process where populations become concentrated in urban areas 2. changes in land use, social interaction, economic activity and landscape Indian villages contain fewer than 5,000 people

27. Demographic Transition in India Mega Cities Cities that have 10 million people There 19 of these in the world New York and Los Angeles Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi 8% (492m) of the world live in this type of city Urban Agglomerations 20% of population live in 413 of these cities A central city and neighboring cities together Approximately, 1/3 of the world’s population lives in an urban agglomeration

28. Demographic Transition in India Rate of urbanization in labor intensive countries is due to In Europe the population growth was able to emigrate to North or South America or other places In India the migrants to the city are coming to the city as they are forced off the land due to poor economic and environmental problems Come to the city with no where to live and few jobs No alternatives leads to disasters like the squatters around the plant in Bhopal 2,500 people were immediately killed due to a chemical leak

29. Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) Include one or more cities with at least 50,000 people surrounded by densely populated counties—261 in U.S. Central City--Largest city in MSA Suburb--An urban area outside the political bounds of the city Non-metropolitan-- geographical areas beyond the political bounds of the city

30. Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S. U. S. Conference of Mayors wants community leaders and public to view cities and suburbs as socially and economically interdependent Largest 7 metropolitan areas in U.S. are among the world’s 30 largest economies Metro-New York is just behind South Korea in economy size and ranks higher than Australia, the Netherlands, Taiwan and Russia

31. Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S. Regions classified as nonmetropolitan are equally as diverse as urban areas Many view rural regions as insular, low crime rates, strong social connections, little employment opportunities, distrust of outsiders, high poverty, low literacy and few services Some rural areas revolve around a single factory or university The most noticeable housing characteristic here is the 16.6 % (1 in 6) mobile homes