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Population and Urbanization

Population and Urbanization. By : Kalvin , Lucas, Xavier, and Liz. Population Definitions. Population is the number of people living in any given area in a particular time. Demography is the area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations .

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Population and Urbanization

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  1. Population and Urbanization By: Kalvin, Lucas, Xavier, and Liz

  2. Population Definitions • Population isthenumberofpeopleliving in anygivenarea in a particular time. • Demographyistheareaofsociologydevotedtothestudyof human populations. • Demographerscommonlymeasurebirthrate, deathrate, infantmortalityratesandmigration rate tobettercalculatelifeexpectancy • Life expectancyreferstotheaveragelifespanof a person in a givensociety.

  3. MeasuringBirthrate • Birthrateisthemesuremostoftenusedtodescribebirths in a population • Measuringbirthrateallowsscientiststocompareandanalyzethebirthratesofvarioussocieties • Birthratemeasurestheannualnumberof live births per 1,000 membersofthepopulation • Birthrate = (Live births/Total population) x 1,0000

  4. MeasuringDeathrate • Deathratemeasuresmorality, orthenumberofdeathswithin a society. • Deathrateisthewaydemographersdescribedeaths in a population per 1,000 membersof a population • Deathrate = (Deaths/Total population) x 1,000

  5. Infant Mortality • Infant mortalityismorecommonamongunderindustrializedsocieties • Infant mortalityistheannualnumberofdeathsamonginfantsunder 1 yearofage per 1,000 live births • Infant mortality rate = (deathsamonginfants/Total live births) x 1,000

  6. Migration Rate • Migration isthemovementofpeoplefromonespecifiedareatoanother. • Whenmeasuringmigration, demographerslookatbothmovementintoand out of a specifiedarea. • The annualnumberofpeoplethatmoveinto a givenareaisreferedtoasthe in-migration rate. • The annualnumberofpeoplethatmove out of a givenareaisreferedtoasthe out-migration rate (push and pull factors) • Migration rate isthediffrencebetweenthe in-migration rate andthe out-migration rate.

  7. Growth Rate • Growth Rate isthe rate atwhich a country‘spopulationisincreasing. • Growth rate isfoundbysubtractingthedeathratefromthebirthrateandisusuallyexpressed in a percentage • Doubeling time istheaveragenumberofyearsnecessaryfor a populationto double givenitscurrentgrowth rate.

  8. Growth Rate andDoubling Time

  9. Population Composition • Population compositionisthepopulation‘sstructure

  10. Explaining Population Change • MalthusianTheoryis a theorywherepopulationincreasesgeometricallyandthefoodsupplyincreasesarithmetically. • With limited landsupplyforfoodthe rapid populationgrowthwouldleadtomassstarvation (toomanypeople not enoughfood) • Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English economistwhoproposedtheMalthusiantheory in hiswork, An Essay on thePrincipleof Population

  11. Demographic Translation Theory • The Demographic Translation Theoryis a theoryofpopulationwherepopulationpatternsaresaidtobetiedto a society‘sleveloftechnalogicaldevelopment • Threestagesofpopulation • Stage 1 (preindustrial) agriculturalbasedsocieties • High birthrate + high death rate = Slow populationgrowth • Stage 2 (industrialized) technalogicalandmedicaladvancments • High birthrate + Low death rate – Rapid populationgrowth • Stage 3 fullydevelopedindustrialeconomies • Low birthrate + lowdeath rate = Slow populationgrowth

  12. Controlling Population Growth • 99% ofpopulationgrowthoccures in lessdeveloped countries • Family planningistheconciousdecisionbycouplestohave a certainnumberofchildren • Child restrictions- in certain countries, overpopulationis a seriousthreat, China forexamplehadenacted a longstandingone-childpolicytobettercontrolpopulationgrowth

  13. Evolution ofthe City • Recognizablecitiesbeganappearingbetween 5,500 and 7,000 yearsago • Currently 48% oftheworldpopulationlives in cities due to multiple push and pull factors • The largestinfluxesofcitypopulstions happen aroundAgriculturalandIndustrial Revolutions • Atthecurrenttred an estimated 60% ofpeople will live in urban areasby 2030 • Overurbanizationis a seriousissue in cities, overurbanizationiswhenmorepeopleoccupy a citythencanbesupported, bestexampleisduringthe Great depression

  14. Urban Ecology • Duringthe 1920s and 1930s, sociologistsintrested in urban lifedeveloped an approachtothestudyofcities • Urban ecologylooksattherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthe urban enviroment • Urban ecologistsbelievethatthereis a relationshibetween human behaviorandthelayoutofthe urban environment • Think ofpeoplethat live in New York City vs. peoplethat live in smalltowns (under 50,000)

  15. Urban Ecology cont. • Urban areasdevelop in certainpatternsandlayouts • The Concentric Zone Model • Sector Model • Multiple Nuclei Model

  16. Explaining City Life • Urban Anomie theoryproposesthata cityis a anonymousandunfriendlyolace, andlivingthere will carriesserious negative consequences • Proposedby Louis Wirth in, ‘‘Urbanismis a Way of Life“ • CompositionalTheoryexamineshowa citiespopulationinfluenceslife in cities, individualsareavletoprotectthemselvesbyformingprimarygroupswithlikepeople • Proposedby Claude S. Fischer in, ToDwellAmongFriends • SubculturalTheorystatesthatcitiesencouragetheformationofprimarygropsratherthendiscourageit

  17. Movie!!! • ‘‘Aftermath: Population Zero“ • http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/aftermath-population-zero/ • ‘‘HowMany People Can Live on Planet Earth?“ • http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/how-many-people-can-live-on-planet-earth/

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