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Population and Urbanization

Population and Urbanization. Preview Section 1: Population Change Section 2: Urban Life Chapter Wrap-Up. Read to Discover What factors affect the size and structure of populations, and how do sociologists measure these factors?

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Population and Urbanization

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  1. Population and Urbanization Preview Section 1: Population Change Section 2: Urban Life Chapter Wrap-Up

  2. Read to Discover What factors affect the size and structure of populations, and how do sociologists measure these factors? How do sociologists explain population change, and what programs have been instituted to control population growth? Section 1: Population Change

  3. Section 1: Population Change Question What factors affect the size and structure of populations, and how do sociologists measure these factors?

  4. Size of Populations Birthrate—(annual number of live births divided by total population) times 1000 Death Rate—(annual number of deaths divided by total population) times 1000 Migration Rate—(annual number of people who move into a specified area per 1000 members) minus (annual number of people who move out of a specified area per 1000 members) Growth Rate—rate at which a country’s population is increasing; birthrate minus death rate Section 1: Population Change

  5. Structure of Populations Population Composition—age and sex Population pyramid for each society shows the percentages of men and women falling into various age groups U.S. pyramid shows a bulge reflecting the sharp rise in birthrate from the late 1940s through the early 1960s as family life resumed following World War II Section 1: Population Change

  6. Section 1: Population Change Question How do sociologists explain population change, and what programs have been instituted to control population growth?

  7. Total Pop. Live Births Death Rate Growth Rate (%) Region Deaths Birthrate North 443,592 10,983 5,940 25 13 1.2 South 373,022 5,842 2,957 16 8 0.8 East 672,184 13,401 8,022 20 12 0.8 West 801,835 27,477 10,026 34 13 2.1 Section 1: Population Change RATES OF POPULATION CHANGE

  8. Malthusian Theory—geometric population growth but arithmetic food production; population growth could outpace food production Demographic Transition Theory—lower birthrate and lower death rate as a result of a higher stage of technological development Section 1: Population Change

  9. Controlling Population Growth Family Planning—conscious decision by couples to have a certain number of children Economic Improvements—better health, higher levels of income and education will lead to lower birthrates Section 1: Population Change

  10. Read to Discover How did cities evolve, and why is urbanization such a recent event? What models have been proposed to explain the structure of cities, and what theories have been put forth to explain city life? Section 2: Urban Life

  11. Section 2: Urban Life Question How did cities evolve, and why is urbanization such a recent event?

  12. Cities arose with the Agricultural Revolution and preindustrial cities were small Different occupations were located in distinct sectors and people were segregated into classes or castes Unsanitary conditions led to high death rates During the Industrial Revolution people came to the cities in search of jobs Section 2: Urban Life Evolution of the City and Urbanization

  13. Today 75 percent of Americans live in urban areas, and almost every region of the country is heavily urbanized Urbanization in more-developed nations has generally followed an ordered progression and has resulted in increased rates of literacy, greater economic opportunities, and improved health care Section 2: Urban Life Evolution of the City and Urbanization

  14. Section 2: Urban Life Question What models have been produced to explain the structure of cities, and what theories have been put forth to explain city life?

  15. Concentric Zone Model Anomie Theory Compositional Theory Sector Model Multiple-Nuclei Model Subcultural Theory Section 2: Urban Life MODELS THEORIES

  16. Models of Cities Concentric Zone Model—city spreads outward from center, resulting in a series of circles, or zones Sector Model—city grows in wedge-shaped sectors outward from center to edges of the city Multiple Nuclei Model—city develops around several centers of activity, or “nuclei,” devoted to specialized land use Section 2: Urban Life

  17. Theories of City Life Anomie Theory—city is anonymous and unfriendly, and carries negative consequences for residents Compositional Theory—greater diversity of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles Subcultural Theory—people can find others with similar interests in diverse cities; some people form close ties Section 2: Urban Life

  18. Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas • Describe the three demographic variables that determine the size of a population and the population’s composition and distribution. • What are some of the programs that have been used to control population growth? • Describe how cities evolved throughout history and explain why urbanization is such a recent event. • What models do sociologists use to explain the structure of cities? • What social problems has urbanization helped to create?

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