Chapter 19 Population and Urbanization

1. Chapter 19Population and Urbanization • Demography: The Study of Population • Population Growth in Global Context • A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories • Urbanization in Global Perspective

2. Chapter 19Population and Urbanization • Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities • Problems in Global Cities • Urban Problems in the U.S. • Population and Urbanization in the Future

3. Population • World’s population is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. • Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world's 1.4% annual population growth will occur in low-income countries.

4. Migration Two types of movement: • Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. • Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

5.  The Malthusian Perspective • If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. • Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, 16 . . . ) . • The food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

6. The Marxist Perspective • Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. • Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. • Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

7.  The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective • Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. • People should be encouraging zero population growth.

8.  Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. • Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

9. Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

10. Development of a City Three preconditions are required: • A favorable physical environment. • An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. • A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

11. Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: • How women and men should think, feel, and act. • How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. • How women and men should relate to each other.

12. Simmel's View of City Life • Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. • Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. • Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

13. Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: • Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. • Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.

14. Gans's Urban Villagers • Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. • The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. • The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.