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Outline . History of conservation movements US philosophical movements in conservation Origin of Conservation Biology Conservation Biology as a crisis discipline Normative postulates Unique characteristics. First nature reserve in switzerland 1548 Frieberg Karpf (mt)

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  1. Outline • History of conservation movements • US philosophical movements in conservation • Origin of Conservation Biology • Conservation Biology as a crisis discipline • Normative postulates • Unique characteristics

  2. First nature reserve in switzerland 1548 Frieberg Karpf (mt) • First National Park in Europe 1916

  3. Roosevelt and Muir, Pinchot and Roose, Leopold Land Ethics

  4. Romantic-Transcendental Conservation Ethic • Mid 1800s - Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau in east, John Muir in the West (Preservationists) • Nature has value other than human economic gain (to cleanse and refresh the human soul) • “Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life” John Muir

  5. Resource Conservation Ethic • late 1800s/early 1900s - Forester Gifford Pinchot, John Stuart Mill. • Natural resources of nature - useful, useless, and noxious. Stresses lack of waste (conservationists) • The “natural resources of Nature” should provide “the greatest good of the greatest number for the longest time” “The first great fact of conservation is that it stands for development”. Pinchot 1947 • Led to the Multiple use concept and fair distribution of resources used by public land agencies

  6. Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic mid 1900s - Aldo Leopold “Nature is not a collection of independent parts, some useful, some not, but it is a complicated and integrated system of interdependent processes and components . All are important for conservation” “We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us [rather than] a community to which we belong.” Aldo Leopold

  7. Important Developments in the field of Conservation biology 1978 First International Conf. on Conservation Biology 1980 Conservation Biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective - Soule and Wilcox, 1981 Conservation and Evolution - Frankel and Soule 1983 Genetics and Conservation, Schonewald-Cox et al. 1985 Society for Conservation Biology and the journal were initiated (quote: page 2 textbook)

  8. Group Discussion • What does it mean to be a crisis discipline? What are the implications for conservation biologists? Garnett and Lindenmayer 2011 • Why do they suggest conservation biologists retire the crisis discipline idea? • Do you agree with their position? • What new directions do they recommend?

  9. Group discussion • Why is CB described as value-laden? • What are the normative postulates? • Are other natural resource disciplines value-driven?

  10. Normative Postulates (Soule 1985)?

  11. Group Discussion • Is conservation biology really needed? Is it different than WLF, Fish, For, Rang, Env Sci? • What are some of the unique features?

  12. Wait a minute - who are we? Surprized - Wildlife Society, Fisheries Society, Ecological Society of America Teer 1988 “what the society proposes to be, the profession of wildlife ecology and management has been for all history” J. Wild. Manag. 1937 “In the new and growing field of conservation biology...…” (Errington and Hammerstrom) Debate: Is Conservation Biology truly a new discipline or just “old wine in a new bottle”?

  13. Are conservation biologists and wildlife biologists duplicating efforts? Jensen and Krausman 1993 - Compared articles published in CB, JWM, and WSB - Significant differences were detected in these areas: 1) Geographic region of study area is North America 61%(CB), 86% (JWM), 95%(WSB) 2) Concentration on mammals or birds CB (48%), WSB (84%), JWM (94%) 3) Proportion of theory or modeling articles CB (16%), JWM (3%), WSB (<1%)

  14. Jensen and Krausman 1993(results continued) 4) Proportion of policy articles CB (16%), WSB (4%), JWM (1%) 5) Proportion of authors in academics CB (67%), JWM (54%), WSB (52%) 6) Proportion of authors outside of NA CB (21%), JWM (6%), WSB (3%) Also note: 1992 WS and SCB held a joint meeting

  15. The Debate Continues • “Wildlife Biologists are thought of as deer and duck biologists, and not what they actually are. This perception must change.”(Richard Lancia, president of TWS, March 2005)

  16. Unique Characteristics Focused on the preservation of all biodiversity Crisis discipline action must be taken without all data Value-driven/mission oriented Focused on enhancing long-term population viability Planning should be on evolutionary time scale Multidisciplinary melding of basic/applied biological, physical and social sciences Adaptive science/Inexact Science Uncertainty is an inherent part of ecology and conservation, probabilistic answers are the norm

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