Nationalist Movements Around the World

1. CHAPTER 29 Nationalist Movements Around the World Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era Section 2: Turkey, Persia, and Africa Section 3: Unrest in China Section 4: Imperialism in Japan Section 5: Latin America Between the Wars

2. Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era Objectives: • Identify what caused the end of British rule in Egypt and the Middle East. • Describe how the people of India pursued independence. • Explain the British response to calls for change in other parts of the empire.

3. Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era Egypt and the Middle East • After WW1 many of Britain’s colonies started demanding independence • Independence for Egypt – Anglo-Egyptian Treaty • Lead by the Wadf party…finally got independence in 1922 but left military forces there • To guard Suez Canal and Egypt.

5. What is the Suez canal?

6. The Suez Canal is a man-made sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal into the Great Bitter Lake from both the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the south, replacing evaporation.[

7. Anglo-Egyptian Treaty • Finally due to other things going on England releases Egypt in 1936…. This is known as the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

8. Middle East • Britain would let Transjordan and Iraq be free but keep a strong military presence in them. • Since 1800 Jewish people had been establishing small colonies in Palestine. The idea of making Palestine the Jewish homeland known as ZIONISM… eventually BG would get behind this movement and this became known as the Balfour Declaration • They also wanted to create an Arab state

9. Nazi’s growing • However with the Nazi party growing the British saw more Jewish rushing to Palestine but had to limit them because they wanted it to be a Jewish/Arabian country • Eventually BG saw this wasn’t working but had to stop focusing on this problem with the start of WW2 comming

10. Translation • Do water and oil mix? • Do cultures mix that well? • Could the cast of Jersey shore be moved to Mexico, Ireland or even Ohio and function the same?

11. India • GB’s largest colony… • Some Indian’s wanted independece while some didn’t. and some of GB wanted independece for India… and some didn’t.

12. The Independence Movement in India • Mohandas Gandhi – spiritual and political leader, opposed violence, taught passive resistance

13. Mohandas Gandhi • Passive resistance = urged people to gain independence by nonviolently cooperate with the government. • How? Boycotting British goods and refusing to pay taxes. Eventually in 1935 BG allowed India to gain representatives but still controlled all aspects of life.

14. Who else used Passive resistance ?

15. The Commonwealth Expands • Favorable trade agreements among Commonwealth member nations helped their economies even though countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa were now autonomous. • Translation these colonies became responsible for their own foreign policies…basically like their own countries ad agreed to work with and trade with GB. Thus making the British empire as strong as ever.

16. SECTION 1 Passive Resistance British Reaction boycotts restricted civil liberties nonpayment of taxes disrupted political gatherings

17. SECTION 1 Question: What was the British reaction to the Indian independence movement’s policies of passive resistance?

18. Turkey Under Kamal • After WW1 the Ottoman Empire was taken off the map. All that was left of this once mighty empire was the country of Turkey

19. Turkey Under Kemal • Took over the council of the country to become the leader of Turkey. • He helped run Greeks in 1922 • Made the “Republic of Turkey” and became the first president of the single party country. • He made people be western/modern. He prohibited traditional wardrobe and made people take surnames. • Helped establish schools and replaced the Turkish alphabet with the Latin alphabet. • Allowed woman to vote and take office.

20. Section 2: Modernizing Persia • Persia was never under control of the Ottoman Empire but instead the Qajar dynasty.200 years later by 1900 BG & Russia started to have a strong say over the country.

21. Reza Khan • In 1921 Reza Khan was an officer in the Persian army with strong nationalist feeling. After some time he was able to take control of the government and would take the title….Reza Shah Phlavi…. Basically making him into the king

22. Overall he wanted to modernize the country and set it free from its past traditions. He built roads and hospitals and established university. He also focused on improving means of communication and introducing new industry to the country. In 1935 the area formally known as Persia would be reintroduced

23. So let me take a minute to reintroduce myself…. My name is • Only in Iran…. Now you’re in Iran,These streets will make you feel brand new,The lights will inspire you,Lets here it for Iran, Iran, Iran

24. Iran • Iran called itself a limited monarchy but Reza Shah held most of the power. He controlled the press and suppressed political parties. • He was able to balance his relationship between GB and Russia. Thus making his new SECRET BFF Germany. This alliance would eventually become his downfall.

26. Taking change • A young group of young educated men would soon take change and help move from the anti-colonial movement. They followed Gandhi's example of non violence against their colonial rules. • Once again the idea of peaceful protest was able to render them support from around the world.

27. SECTION 2 Turkey, Persia, and Africa Experience Result World War I ideas about freedom and nationalism colonial education ideas about equality and self-rule racism and political repression work toward reform and independence

28. SECTION 2 Turkey, Persia, and Africa Question: What were some changes in African attitudes towards colonialism?

29. Section 3: Unrest in China Objectives of the day: • Describe how resentment of foreign interests led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. • Identify the ways the nationalist movement in China changed under the leadership of Sun Yixian and Chiang Kai-shek. • Explain the development of communism in China.

30. Unrest in China The End of the Qing Dynasty • In 1900 France, Germany, GB Japan & Russia had spheres of influence in China. As a response to this the US suggested the OPEN DOOR POLICY The OPD suggested all nations have equal rights to trade in China.

31. China moving west? Then back • Qing was the emperor of China. He hoped to reduce foreign influence by revitalizing his government and modernizing China. The country’s conservative leaders were offended by these cultural changes and thus his aunt Empress Dowager Tz’u-his. The emperor was imprisoned and she ruled for 10 years. Tz’u-his = Tootsie

32. Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, was an anti-imperialism, anti-Christian movement by the “Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists" in China between 1898 and 1901. The uprising took place in response to imperialist expansion, growth of international influences, and missionary evangelism. In 1898 local organizations emerged in Shandong as the result of the imperialist expansion as well as other internal issues such as the state fiscal crisis and natural disasters. Later, the Qing Dynasty attempted to expel Western influence from China. Under the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the foreign“. They attacked foreigners throughout China

33. Boxers destroyed everything…churches, railways…basically anything western. Thus the boxers chased immigrants all the way to Beijing. Things got so bad GB, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, & the US sent in troops to put in down in 1900.

34. Overthrow of the dynasty • Chinese Nationalist Party led by Sun Yixian wanted constitutional government, civil liberties, modernization • The boxer rebellion failed to get rid of the foreigners. Yet did create a nationalist attitude to the Chinese people- especially the young and educated. Thus ironically the only way to do this was with western ideas. People would soon be happier with civil liberties protected by a bill of rights. • After ruling 268 years the Quing dynasty came to an abrupt end.

35. Forming the Chinese Republic In 1912 China becomes a republic Focused on 3 “principals of the people” • 1. political unification and an end to foreign influence • 2.a gradual change to democratic government with full personal liberties and rights for all Chinese people • 3.econimic improvements that included industrialization and a more equal distribution of land.

36. Unrest in China The Growth of Chinese Communism • In 1921 a group of intellectuals met and founded the Chinese communist party.

37. Read last paragraph on 576. • The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party. The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by only one-tenth of the force that left Jiangxi, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of the Communist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao and his supporters as the new leaders of the party in the following decades.

38. Section 3: Unrest in China The Growth of Chinese Communism • The Long March – Communists marched on foot to set up new government in Yenan • Mao Zedong – led peasants in Communist army (Red Army)

39. SECTION 3 Unrest in China Qing downfall imperialist powers trade in China Qing emperor imprisoned Tz’u-hsi supports Boxer Rebellion Kuomintang formed foreigners put down rebellion; take more control in China revolts lead to end of Qing

40. Imperialism in Japan Japan • Japan had become a modern industrial and military power. Japan was now able to start a policy of expansion in the late 1800’s. • They wanted to extend their influence for 2 reasons Japan wanted new territory for raw materials and markets wanted to show their progress off

41. Korea free in 1885 • Korea had just won its independence in 1895 yet Japan still dominated the Korean government. • The Russo-Japanese War – Russia and Japan fought over Manchuria and Korea

42. 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance • Fearing was with Russia with imminent GB & Japan made an alliance to protect the best interests of China. At the time this was a huge honor for Japan because GB was still seen as the world power

43. Oh no they didn’t…. Yes they did • Without declaring war Japan attacked and badly damaged the Russian fleet at Port Author in Manchuria. • Soon after Japan would take over Korea. • In response to this the battle of Mukden took place. 330,000 Russians vs. 270,000 Japanese. In a stunning victory Japan shocked and continued their assault by engaging in a naval battle. The Japanese stunned the world destroying the Russian Baltic fleet.

44. Treaty of Portsmouth • The Japanese were now winning the Russo-Japanese War but the cost of the war in addition to the huge loss of lives was becoming too much. Thus they asked US President Teddy Roosevelt to help mediate an end to the conflict. • Thus late in 1905 both sides signed the treaty and the war ended. • As a result Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and no world power protested.

45. Japanese Expansion The Treaty of Portsmouth – ended Russo-Japanese War; forced respect for Japan’s strength

46. Situation Alert! Caution Big Player! Problems of Modernization • Within 50 years Japan had changed from a agricultural nation to one of the biggest international players on the planet.

47. Affect of becoming a player • New medicine, cities got bigger… eventually all land that could be cultivated would be cultivated…. • Sounds simple only if you know what the word cultivated means….

48. Japan grew too fast too quick • Japan grew up way too fast. They ran out of food and other supplies and life was becoming hard on people…thus many Japanese moved to Korea, China and even Hawaii. Thousands even came to the USA • The people who stayed behind did not know their identity. Some wanted to be farmers while others new to be an industrial country people had to work in factories

49. Section 4: Imperialism in Japan Problems of Modernization • Increasing population – higher standards of living, medical care; emigration • Economic trouble – industrialization forced Japan to import raw materials to compete, faced high tariffs on international trade • Social tensions – labor unions, new ideas and arts, work roles shifted

50. Section 4: Imperialism in Japan Growing Influence of the Military • Militarism – military needs, values, and goals shape nation’s policies and lifestyles • Eventually grew to have such a strong military and Navy they were able to create a Monroe Doctrine of the East