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1. African Nationalist Movements
3. Pan-Africanism Began in the early 1900s
Slogan: “Africa for the Africans”
Called for a sense of unity among African nations and their people
Recognized that independence from colonial rule could come only if diverse tribes could unite for a common cause.
4. Negritude Movement Encouraged Africans to celebrate their heritage
Rejected the view held by colonial powers of African cultures
“White Man’s Burden”, R.Kippling
Greatest leader of the Pan-Africanism and the Negritude movement is Leopold Sedar Senghor—a poet and politician [President of Senegal for 20 years]
5. New Nations Emerge WWI & WWII takes its toll on the Colonial Powers
Cold War helped African Nationalists
1st world and 2nd world countries compete for new governments
1950 there were only four independent nations
Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, and South Africa
Most African Nations become independent around 1960
Southern region of Africa is still emerging
8. New Nations Emerge Others required Wars to be fought
1954 Algeria Nationalists fought for 8 years to oust Fr. settlers-many lives were lost
Kenya had the Mau Mau, a secret group that used armed resistance against white Br. settlers
Guerrilla warfare effective against colonial powers
9. Nationalist Movements and the Middle East After WW I
Ottoman Empire at near collapse
Arab lands divided by U.S. & Britain
Turks resisted western control
Attacked by Greek forces to assert their claim to the Turkish Peninsula
10. Turkey defeats the Greeks and Modernize Mustafa Kemel a.k.a. Ataturk (Father of the Turks)
Turkey declared a republic, 1920
Led a massive modernization of Turkey
Separate church and state
Encouraged industrialization
Built railroads
Set up factories
11. Persia’s Nationalism Led by Raza Khan (Shah) Persia followed Turkey’s modernization plan
Roads, railways, factories,& strengthened the army
Western clothing and western schools
Replaced Islamic law with Secular law
Women encouraged to take part in government
Convinced Britain to give Persia a greater share in Persia’s oil profits
12. Arab Nationalism OIL! Foreign countries move into the M.E. to exploit the future fuel source
Pan-Arabism, a nationalistic movement built on a shared heritage of Arab lands
Sought to free Arabs’ foreign domination and unite them into one state
13. Paris Peace Conference Shocker! Arab land mandates issued to the Allies of WWI
Arabs felt betrayed by the west
Helped with the defeat of the Central Powers and expected independence
Protests against Imperialism erupted
British mandate of Palestine
Arab and Jewish nationalists (Zionists) CLASHED!
14. Promises broken… Allies made two sets of promises
To the Arabs—their own kingdoms in the Ottoman Empire (including Palestine)
To the Jewish Nationalists- they promised a homeland in Palestine...to gain Jewish support, the British issue the
Balfour Declaration
Noted that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine
15. The Colonial Legacy Feelings of anti-colonialism still exist
Belief that European culture is better was extremely damaging
Africans want modern technology and the same standard of living colonial powers enjoyed
New independent nations were not prepared to rule effectively
Economies were ruined by colonialism
Local leaders were replaced or weakened by colonialism
Colonialism developed roads, bridges, harbors, railroads, hospitals and schools [basic infra-structures]
16. Read Ch.12.2, p 394-400 In what ways did colonial powers try to control African life? P. 394-395
What significance does the phrase “Africa for the Africans” have? P. 396-397
What did the reforms of Ataturk and Raza Khan have in common? P. 398
Why did Palestine become a center of conflict after WW I p. 400
17. Answers The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefited mainly themselves
It was used to encourage nationalism and an end to colonial rule, and it united Africans in their desire for independence.
Both were focused on modernizing industry, transportation, secularizing schools, and westernizing culture.
With the Balfour Declaration, the British government announced its support of Jewish immigration to Palestine to establish a homeland. This threatened the Arabs already living in Palestine, who had been promised their independence.