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Nationalist Movements Around the World

Nationalist Movements Around the World. Chapter 20. The British Empire in the Postwar Era. 20-1. Egypt. GB controlled Egypt since 1882 Became protectorate when Ottomans joined Central Powers in WWI Wafd Party- Led nationalist movement post WWI 1922- Independence. Egypt.

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Nationalist Movements Around the World

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  1. Nationalist Movements Around the World Chapter 20

  2. The British Empire in the Postwar Era 20-1

  3. Egypt • GB controlled Egypt since 1882 • Became protectorate when Ottomans joined Central Powers in WWI • Wafd Party- Led nationalist movement post WWI • 1922- Independence

  4. Egypt • Defensive military forces for Egypt and Suez • Administrative control over Sudan • Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936)- Greater independence, alliance in Middle East, League of Nations membership

  5. Middle East • ME Arabs helped GB in WWI • Transjordan/Iraq- Independent • Palestine: Strategic location • Zionism: Aimed to build homeland in Palestine for Jews • Balfour Declaration: In return for war support, GB would support Zionism

  6. Middle East • GB promised independent Arab State also • Post WWI: Tensions rise • Limit on Jewish immigration in Palestine • Nazi persecution changes this • Division of land only solution

  7. India • Division in opinion about self-rule • Mohandas Ghandi- Lead Indian nationalist movement • Passive Resistance- Non-violent, refusal to cooperate with government

  8. India • British retaliation and suppression • Allowed to elect representatives in 1935 • Control of defense, taxes, and foreign policy • Movement continued

  9. The Commonwealth Expands • Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa want complete independence • 1931: GB granted autonomy • British Commonwealth of Nations • Good trade agreements, economic advantage for all

  10. Turkey, Persia, and Africa 20-2

  11. Turkey • Greeks overtook Ottoman Empire post WWI • Mustafa Kemal takes control and drives out Greeks • Republic of Turkey (1923)

  12. Turkey • Kemal believed war showed superiority of technology and nationalism • Separated government from Islam • Ordered Turks to adopt Western ways • Turkey became more prosperous

  13. Persia • Qajar Dynasty ruled Persia • GB and Russian influence increase • Reza Shah Pahlavi- Nationalist army officer who modernized Persia

  14. Persia • Massive reforms • 1935 Re-named Iran • Constitution limited monarchy, but oppression occurred • Reza Shah sought close ties with Germany

  15. Africa • Post WWI wanted greater freedom • New ideas of nationalism and freedom • Colonial education caused anti-colonial protest movements

  16. Africa • Racism and political repression pushed movements • Tanganyika- Center of anti-colonial protest • Tribal chiefs favored colonial rule • Independence calls from Azikiwe (Nigeria), Kenyatta (Kenya), and Senghor (Senegal)

  17. Unrest in China 20-3

  18. The End of the Qing Dynasty • Foreign influence- Western nations moved inward • Open Door Policy (1899)- U.S. wants equal trade in China • Qing Emperor tries to modernize but his aunt Tz’u-shi takes control • Boxer Rebellion- Attacks on foreigners, missionaries

  19. The End of the Qing Dynasty • Imperialist armies came to put down rebellion • China punished and occupied • China completely under foreign domination • Nationalism rose under Sun Yixian • Qing dynasty doesn’t break from “Old China”; overthrown

  20. Forming the Chinese Republic • 1912 China becomes republic • Goal to empower the people • Yuan Shikai president and revolution common, Sun Yixian flees • Nationalists and Soviets vs. Warlords • Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Nationalists and defeats warlords in North

  21. Forming the Chinese Republic • Left wing- Socialists/Communists • Right wing (Chiang)- No radical change • Communists put down and Nationalist government rises in Nanjing • Dictatorship • Developments, but did not help the suffering people

  22. The Growth of Chinese Communism • (1921) Intellectuals founded Communist Party • Cooperated with nationalists at first, but in 1930’s Chiang attacked • Long March- Communists traveled to escape Nationalists and many died • Mao Zedong becomes Communist leader

  23. The Growth of Chinese Communism • Chinese peasants should be source of revolution • Communists worked with them in Shaanxi Province • Red Army built of peasants resisted Nationalist attacks • Many believed Japan was true enemy

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