The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

3. Basic ideas of the Protestant Reformation • Justification by Faith Alone • Rejection of Papal Authority • Clergy less important to faith and salvation • Reduction of the Number of Sacraments to two (baptism and communion) • Bible is the only source of truth • Printing Press = spread of ideas

4. Lutheranism • Martin Luther was a spiritually uneasy man even though he was a monk of 40 years • Introduced the idea of Justification of Faith • Indulgences pushed him to attempt to reform the catholic church

5. Lutheranism • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses--Posted on the door of a church • individuals should be able to read the bible and make their own interpretations • Ordered by pope to recant; Charles V summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms. • Banished from the H.R.E., he hid out with various German Princes

7. His ideas led to social, political and religious revolution throughout Europe • Peasant rebellions erupted, Luther was horrified—he wasn’t a social revolutionary • Luther became more conservative, emphasized need for established clergy, obedience to the state (only internal spiritual freedom, not external freedom)

8. Local German princes had a strong material interest in the growth of Lutheranism—they could take over church lands • League of Schmalkald—German princes, imperial free cities against emperor. • France allied with German Princes-- wanted to keep Germany religiously divided • Charles V (H.R.E.) was being threatened by Turks & French. Appealed to pope to call a council but popes ignored request—a generation of Lutherans grew up • Diet of Augsburg 1530—all Lutherans forced to convert • War broke out between the League and Charles V--League prevailed, victory for Lutheranism

9. Peace of Augsburg • 1555 • All states in H.R.E could choose their own religion (either Lutheranism or Calvinism) • Bishops who turned Lutheran had to leave their land to Catholic church • Furthered fragmentation of H.R.E./German States

10. Calvinism • Felt that life was chaotic = basis of many of Calvin's extreme ideas • Predestination-People are already chosen for salvation • Hard work was evidence of God’s chosen few = Puritan work ethic • Church is above the state • No bishops; church to be governed by elected bodies

11. Calvinism • Creation of religiously governed communities • Not secular • Church regulated by bible • Calvin was strict about being obedient to God, no frivolity • No transubstantiation or consubstantiation, God was only spiritually present during communion • Geneva (“Protestant Rome”)

12. Differences: Overview • Calvinism more strictly religious, very harsh, dependent upon order (not as much in Lutheranism) • Calvinism rejected Bishops in the clergy • The foundation of Calvinism was predestination unlike Lutheranism • Opposite in terms of State controlling church (Luther) or church controlling state (Calvin)

13. Martin Luther Vs John Calvin • Church control over state • No Bishops • Predestination • Strict and perfectionist • Not secular • Justification by faith • Bible only source of truth • Reduction of sacraments • Less clergy • State control over church • Kept Bishops • Do not have to be perfect • Did not want social revolution

14. English Reformation • Henry VIII was originally dubbed “Defender of the Faith by the pope in 1520 for his Defense of the Seven Sacraments • Wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon (Charles V’s aunt) and pope would not grant

15. 1534 he passed Act of Supremacy in which he declared himself “Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England” • Thomas More(Utopia) refused to sign oath and was executed • Henry then seized all church lands • Edward VI ruled after Henry, strengthened Protestantism; when he died, “Bloody Mary” took over

16. Catherine--Divorced Anne--Beheaded Jane--Died Anne--Divorced Catherine—Beheaded Kathryn--Survived

18. Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation • Promoted nationalism, opposed foreign mercenary service • Ended clerical celibacy • Very literal interpretation of the bible • Differed from Lutheranism when it came to the Eucharist (Zwingli believed Christ was only spiritually present) • Tetrapolitan Confession • Series of civil wars broke out in Switzerland

19. Anabaptists • 1525-formed by dissatisfied followers of Zwingli • Schleitheim Confession--Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism, no war, no oaths, no participation in govt. • Formed their own religious communities--persecuted, tortured and executed

24. THE ENDand Quotes • “If I am not allowed to laugh in heaven, I don't want to go there.” –Martin Luther • “Reason is a whore, the greatest enemy that faith has.” –Martin Luther • “A dog barks when his master is attacked. I would be a coward if I saw that God’s truth is attacked and yet would remain silent.” – John Calvin • “. . . I consider looseness with words no less of a defect than looseness of the bowels.” – John Calvin • “We must remember that Satan has his miracles, too.” –John Calvin

25. Council of Trent Pope Paul III (1534-1563) Climax of counter reformation 3 sessions btwn 1545-1563 Focused on differences btwn C and P Rejected all compromise-- kept all 7 Sacraments and upheld transubstantiation Catholic Counter Reformation

26. Kept Indulgences Absolute authority of the pope 7 Sacraments Transubstantiation Belief in purgatory Pilgrimages Cult of saints and relics Changed Selling of indulgences Selection of bishops for political reasons Large landholding of church Inflexibility Absentee clergy Corrupt/worldly priests Outcomes

27. No DoctrinalChange!!

28. Baroque Art • Associated with Counter Reformation • Looks staged • Lots of emotion/drama/intensity • Ornate, lots of detail • Often promoted the glory of the Catholic Church or showcased triumph of church • Ex: Bernini, St. Peters