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Introduction to Anatomy

Introduction to Anatomy. “The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science” Hippocrates 09/29/2011. The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton. Axial Skeleton 80 bones lie along longitudinal axis skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles Appendicular Skeleton

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Introduction to Anatomy

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  1. Introduction to Anatomy “The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science” Hippocrates 09/29/2011

  2. The Skeletal System:The Axial Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • 80 bones • lie along longitudinal axis • skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles • Appendicular Skeleton • 126 bones • upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdles

  3. Types of Bones • 5 basic types of bones: • long = compact • short = spongy except surface • flat = plates of compact enclosing spongy • irregular = variable • sesamoid = develop in tendons or ligaments (patella) • Sutural bones = in joint between skull bones

  4. Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis = shaft • Epiphysis = one end of a long bone • Metaphysis = growth plate region • Articular cartilage over joint surfaces acts as friction & shock absorber • Medullary cavity = marrow cavity • Endosteum = lining of marrow cavity • Periosteum = tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage • fibrous layer = dense irregular CT • osteogenic layer = bone cells & blood vessels that nourish or help with repairs

  5. Histology of Bone • A type of connective tissue as seen by widely spaced cells separated by matrix • Matrix of 25% water, 25% collagen fibers & 50% crystalized mineral salts • 4 types of cells in bone tissue • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylmanEGjRuY

  6. Matrix of Bone • Inorganic mineral salts provide bone’s hardness • hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) & calcium carbonate • Organic collagen fibers provide bone’s flexibility • their tensile strength resists being stretched or torn • remove minerals with acid & rubbery structure results • Mineralization (calcification) is hardening of tissue when mineral crystals deposit around collagen fibers • Bone is not completely solid since it has small spaces for vessels and red bone marrow • spongy bone has many such spaces • compact bone has very few

  7. Cell Types of Bone • Osteoprogenitor cells ---- undifferentiated cells • can divide to replace themselves & can become osteoblasts • found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum • Osteoblasts--form matrix & collagen fibers but can’t divide • Osteocytes ---mature cells that no longer secrete matrix • Osteoclasts---- huge cells from fused monocytes • function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum • Important regulator of calcium and phosphate concentrations

  8. Hydroxyapatite crystals

  9. Osteoporosis vs Normal Bone

  10. http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/US/fab/tutorial/generic/bone5.html

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