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Introduction to Anatomy. Terminology. Append-: to hang something Appendicular: pertaining to the limbs Cardi- : heart Cardiac: pertaining to the heart Cran-: helmet Cranial: portion of the skull surrounding the brain Dors-: back Dorsal: positioned toward the back Homeo-: same
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Terminology • Append-: to hang something • Appendicular: pertaining to the limbs • Cardi- : heart • Cardiac: pertaining to the heart • Cran-: helmet • Cranial: portion of the skull surrounding the brain • Dors-: back • Dorsal: positioned toward the back • Homeo-: same • Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Terminology cont… • -logy: study of • Physiology: the study of the body’s function • Meta-: change • Metabolism: chemical changes that occur within the body • Pariet: wall • Parietal membrane: membrane that lines body cavities • Pelv-: basin • Pelvic cavity: basin-shaped cavity enclosed by pelvic bones • Peri-: around • Pericardial membrane: membrane that surrounds the heart
Terminology Cont… • Pleur-: rib • Pleural membrane: membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity • -stasis: standing still • Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment • -tomy: cutting • Anatomy: the study of structure which often involves cutting into the body
Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: the branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts • Form and organization • Physiology: the branch of science that deals with the functions of body parts • What parts do and how they do it
Levels of Organization • Atom: the smallest unit of matter • Molecule: the smallest unit of two or more combined atoms • Ex: H2, C6H12O6, O2 • Compound: two or more different atoms joined together
Levels of Organization • Macromolecules • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches) • Proteins • Lipids (fats) • Nucleic acids • Cell: basic unit of structure and function in an organism
Levels of Organization • Cellorganelle: structures that carry out specific activities in a cell • Composed of macromolecules • Tissue: cells that have common functions that are organized into layers • Organs: groups of different tissues that form structures that have specialized functions • Organsystems: groups of organs that function closely together • Organism: a living thing
Levels of organization • Levels of organization increase in complexity with each higher level • Body parts can be described in terms of different levels of organization • Atomic level • Molecular level • Cellular level
Characteristics of Life • Move and respond to their environment • Grow and develop • Reproduce • Take in energy • Excrete waste Metabolism: the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body that breakdown and build substances
Requirements of Organisms • Water • 75% of the human body • Required for metabolic processes • Transports substances in the body • Regulates temperature
Requirements of Organisms 2. Food • provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water • Used for energy • Supplies materials for building new living matter • Help regulate vital chemical reactions
Requirements of Organisms 3. Oxygen (gases) • Makes up 21% of the air we breathe • Used to release energy from food • Drives metabolic processes
Requirements of Organisms 4. Heat • A form of energy • A product of metabolism • Speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Requirements 5. Pressure: an application of force to something • Hydrostaticpressure: the weight of water or a liquid • Important in vessels in the body • Atmosphericpressure: the weight of air • Important in breathing
Homeostasis • Homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal bodily environment • Homeostaticcontrols: self-regulating control systems in the body • Work when conditions deviate from normal conditions • Receptors: provide information about conditions (responding to stimuli) • Setpoint: tell what the norm should be (example: temperature norm = 98.6⁰ F • Effectors: cause responses that alter conditions internally
What is the internal process that happens when we get too hot?
What is the internal process that happens when we catch a virus?
What is the internal process that happens when we get burnt or cut?