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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY. Dr. Fadel Naim. What is anatomy. “ anatomia , anatome ” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana - = up temnein , tome = to cut A natomy means “ cutting up, cutting through ”. Human Anatomy.

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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. Fadel Naim

  2. What is anatomy “anatomia, anatome” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana-=up temnein, tome=to cut Anatomy means “cutting up, cutting through”.

  3. Human Anatomy • a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. • In a restricted sense it deals with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection.

  4. Types of anatomy • Reflecting the body's organization and the priorities and purposes for studying it there three main approaches to studying anatomy are • Regional • Systemic • clinical (or applied) • In systematic anatomy, various structures may be separately considered. • The organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another in topographicalorregional anatomy.

  5. Regional anatomy • (Topographical anatomy) • Considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments • a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and pelvis/perineum), and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. • All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and region.

  6. Surface anatomy • An essential part of the study of regional anatomy. • Provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action.

  7. Systematic Anatomy

  8. Systematic Anatomy

  9. Systematic Anatomy • The various systems of which the human body: • Osteology—the bony system or skeleton. • Syndesmology—the articulations or joints. • Myology—the muscles. • Angiology—the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. • Neurology—the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system. • Splanchnology—the visceral system.

  10. Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: • Cytology: • The study of cells • Histology: • The study of tissues • Organology: • The study of organs

  11. Developmental Anatomy • Definition: • The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: • Embryology: • The study of prenatal development • Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth

  12. ANATOMICAL POSITION • The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

  13. Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward • Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body • Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed – never to the viewer

  14. TERMINOLOGY • Reclining Position • If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. • If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.

  15. Four legged animals have a different anatomical position than humans - Their ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal on the superior side - In humans ventral and anterior is the same and so is dorsal and posterior

  16. Four-footed body directions

  17. Regional Terms- names of specific body area Axial region (main axis): Trunk further divided - Thorax - Abdomen - Pelvis - Perineum Appendicular region – appendages/extremities - Fundamental subdivisions

  18. Thoracic Region • Upper portion of the trunk: Mammary Sternal - thoracic/thoracis Axillary - axilla • Vertebral

  19. Upper Extremity Regions • Acromial (acromion) • Brachial (brachium) • Cubital (cubitis) • Antebrachial (antebrachium) • Manual (manus) - palmar and dorsum The manus has 3 main regions: • Carpal (carpus) • Metacarpal • Digital or phalangeal (digits or phalanges) - Pollex

  20. Lower Extremity Regions • Femoral/femur • Patellar /patella • Popliteal/popliteus • Crural/crus (leg) regions - sural/sura (calf), peroneal/peroneus(fibular) • Pes (feet)/ Pedal (foot) - planta/plantar, dorsum, calcaneal/calcaneus (heel) The pedal has 3 major divisions: • Tarsal (tarsus) • Metatarsal • Digital or phalangeal (digits or phalanges) - Hallux

  21. Pelvic/Pelvis Region Lower portion of the trunk: • Inguinal (inguen) • Pubic (pubis) • Perineal (perineum) • Lumbar (lumbus) • Sacral • Gluteal (gluteus)

  22. Figure 1.4

  23. Anatomical Planes • Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures • Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

  24. Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane • The plane dividing the body into right and left portions • Mid-sagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

  25. Anatomical Planes Frontal plane • The plane dividing the body into front and back portions • Also called the Coronal plane

  26. Anatomical Planes Transverse plane • The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions • Also called the Horizontal plane

  27. Terms of relation or position

  28. Terms of relation or position

  29. Terms of relation or position

  30. Terms of relation or position

  31. Terms of relation or position

  32. Terms of relation or position

  33. Terms of relation or position

  34. Terms of relation or position

  35. Terms of relation or position

  36. Terms of relation or position

  37. Planes of Section Through an Organ • Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ • Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ • Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

  38. Movements • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Adduction • Abduction • Prontaion • Supination • Retraction • Protraction • Elevation • Depression • Rotation • Circumduction • External Rotation • Internal Rotation • Inversion • Eversion • Dorsiflexion • Plantarflexion • Radial Deviation • Ulnar Deviation • Opposition

  39. Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones • In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones • In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

  40. Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

  41. Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

  42. Movements Pronation • Turning the arm or foot downward • (palm or sole of the foot - down) • Prone Supination • Turning the arm or foot upward • (palm or sole of the foot - up) • Supine

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