Introduction to Anatomy

1. Introduction to Anatomy

2. Introduction to Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Why have alignment standard? • Improve communication between health care providers • Facilitate better understanding of human movement • What is anatomical Position? • Erect stance • Arms at side • Palms facing forward • Planes of the body in reference to anatomical position • Frontal plane • Sagittal plane • Transverse plane

3. Introduction to Anatomy • Frontal Plane • Separates the body into front and back halves • Sagittal Plane • Divides the body into left and right halves • Imaginary line dividing the body into L and R halves is called the midline • Transverse Plane • Divides the body into top and bottom halves

4. Introduction to Anatomy • Frontal(or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts • Horizontal or Transverseseparates the body into Superior and Inferior parts • Sagittalany plane parallel to the median plane

5. Introduction to Anatomy • Common Medical Terms of Location • Anterior – front of the body • Also ventral – often used in reference to hand and feet • Posterior – back of the body • Also dorsal – often used in reference to hand and feet • Medial – toward the midline of the body • Lateral – away from the midline of the body • Proximal – toward an attachment • Distal – away from an attachment • Superior – one structure, or point, being higher than another • Inferior – one structure, or point, being lower than another • Superficial – close to the body’s surface • Deep – away from the body’s surface

6. Introduction to Anatomy • Complete the following: • The shoulder is ______________ to the elbow • Proximal • The skin is ______________ compared to the veins. • Superficial • The knee is _______________ to the hip. • Distal • The head is _______________ to the hips • Superior • If I am looking into the face of an athlete, I am looking at the ___________ side. • Anterior • The feet are _______________ to the hips • Inferior • If I am watching an athlete walk away, I am looking at the _____________ side. • Posterior

7. Introduction to Anatomy • Body Tissues • Skin • Outermost surface of the body • Provides first line of defense against external forces • i.e. insects, air, dirt, bacteria, and blows • Keeps bodily fluids in • Picks up sensations • Secretes an oils substance • Made up of several layers • Epidermis – most superficial layer; thin and connects to the thicker… • Dermis – just below epidermis • Hypodermis – below dermis, not technically considered part of the skin, but it helps to hold the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue. Sometimes called the subcutaneous layer and is responsible for storing about 50% of body’s fat.

8. Introduction to Anatomy • Skin • Break in the skin = ? • Wound • Has the ability to expand • i.e. to accommodate for an increase in muscle girth – the distance around a body part • Stretch Marks – lines on the skin where the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured. • When an athlete loses girth, the skin will recover to a small extent.

9. Introduction to Anatomy • Bones • Functions: • 1. Protection of vital organs and other body structures from trauma • i.e. Brain is protected by skull • What other bones can you think of that protect vital organs? • 2. With contraction of muscle, produce movement • 3. Metabolically active – produce blood cells and story minerals such as calcium and phosphorus • How many bones are in the human body? • Approximately 206

10. Introduction to Anatomy • Bones • Skeletons • Axial – bones of spine, thorax and skull • Appendicular – bones of the extremities • Shapes and sizes • Long – i.e. femur • At the end is an area where growth primarily takes place = epiphysis or growth plate. • Vulnerable to injury • Short – i.e. metacarpal • Flat – i.e. scapula • Irregular – i.e. vertebrae

11. Introduction to Anatomy • Cartilage • Covers the ends of long bones • Can be found in between bones • Functions • Join structures (i.e. ribs) • Absorb shock • Permit smooth bone movement

12. Introduction to Anatomy • Muscles • Function • Contraction allows: • Acceleration • Deceleration • Movement cessation • Normal postural alignment • Heat production

13. Introduction to Anatomy • Connective Tissue • Made of spindle-shaped cells that support and bind together other tissues • Tendons • Attach muscle to bone • Transmit the force that a muscle exerts • Ligaments • Connect bones • Help to form joints

14. Introduction to Anatomy • Classification of joints • Joint – where two or more bones meet. • Classifications • Diarthrodial – also synovial • Fantastic mobility • Joint capsule – a sleeve like ligament that surrounds the entire joint • Synovial membrane – a slick lining on the inside of the capsule • Hyaline cartilage – a thin layer of cushioning at the ends of the bones • Ligaments

15. Introduction to Anatomy • Classification of joints • Classifications • Diarthrodial (cont’d) • Several types • Hinge – move back and forth like a hinge on a door • Examples? • Elbow • Knee • Ball and Socket – end of the long bone is rounded like a ball and is set into a cuplike socket of the other bone • Generally have a great deal of motion • Examples? • Hip • Shoulder

16. Introduction to Anatomy • Classification of joints • Classifications • Amphiarthrodial joints • Have cartilage attaching two bones together • Also known as carilaginous joints • Examples? • Ribs meet sternum • Synarthrodial joints – • Held together by tough connective tissue • Basically immovable • Examples? • Bones of skull • Tibia and fibula

17. Introduction to Anatomy • Movement • Flexion/ Extension • Flexion = bending • Anatomical position of hinge joint is ? • Extension = straightened • Flex your elbow • Extend your elbow • Abduction/Adduction • Abduction = moving a body segment away from the midline • Adduction = moving a body segment toward the midline • Abduct your shoulder • Adduct your shoulder

18. Introduction to Anatomy • Movement • Pronation/Supination • Occur at wrist and ankle • Wrist • Supination is turning palm toward sky as if you were holding a bowl of soup • Pronation is turning palm downward as if pouring soup out. • The wrist is ______ in anatomical position? • Supinated • Supinate your wrist • Pronate your wrist • Inversion/Eversion • Occur at ankle • Inversion = sole of foot is turned inward • Eversion = sole of foot is turned outward • Invert your ankle • Evert your ankle

19. Introduction to Anatomy • Movement • Protraction/Retraction • Protraction = segment glides forward (i.e. lower jaw pushes outward until chin sticks out) • Retraction = gliding segment backward (i.e. scapulae squeeze together) • Protract your jaw • Retract your scapulae • Rotation • Occurs when a body segment (or series of segments) spins or turns on an axis • i.e. turning your head to look over your shoulder • Rotate your head • Circumduction • Occurs when a ball-and-socket joint, such as the shoulder or hip, encompasses several directions with one movement. In so doing, the joint is moved in a circular fashion around its axis. • Circumduct your shoulder