Sectionalism and the National Economy (1816-1840)

1. Sectionalism and the National Economy (1816-1840)

2. Henry Clay's American System • Second National Bank voted by Congress in 1816. • Dependence on Europe’s economy and politics have now decreased significantly.

3. Tariff of 1816 • Purpose? • First protective tariff in U.S. History • Started a protective trend in U.S. trade • Calhoun vs. Webster vs. Clay

4. Internal Improvements • Bonus Bill • Jeffersonians opposed direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements; saw it as a states’ rights issue • Prior to Civil War, most internal improvements (except railroads) were done at the expense of state and local governments

5. Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe elected President • Continued VA Dynasty • Carried out most of the ideals Jefferson established. (Hamilton’s financial plan, expansion, loose construction in certain cases)

6. Era of Good Feelings • Emerging sectionalism (east, west and south) • Tariff issue (east and south opposed; west in favor) • Internal improvements (east and south opposed; west in favor) • Bank of U.S. (BUS) (west and south opposed; eastern bankers in favor) • Sale of public lands (east opposed; west and south in favor) • Panic of 1819 resulted in western hostility toward eastern bankers. • Issue of slavery in Missouri created increased sectionalism (north vs. south) • Republican party enjoying 1-party rule began developing factions eventually leading to the 2nd Party System in the 1830s.

7. Panic of 1819 • Economic panic and depression • Causes • Results • Monroe reelected in 1820 with all but one electoral vote… Only president in history to be elected after a major panic.

8. The Growing West • New states' characteristics • Maintaining a sectional balance in Congress was a supreme goal. • Reasons for westward expansion • Western Population and influence

9. Missouri Compromise • Missouri asked Congress to enter the union in 1819 • Tallmadge Amendment- The Senate refused to pass the amendment and a crisis hung over the nation. • Provisions • Balance of Free and Slave states

10. Missouri Compromise

11. John Marshall • His decisions greatly increased power of the federal government over the states. • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • Gibbons v. Ogden -- 1824

12. McCulloch v. Maryland • 1819 • Second National Bank of the United States decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency • Denied the state the power to tax that agency. • Upheld the power of the federal government over that of the states as well

13. Gibbons vs. Ogden • 1824 • NY tried to grant a monopoly of river commerce btwn NY/NJ to a private company. • This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce. • No state monopolies!

14. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 • Rush-Bagot Treaty • Treaty of 1818 • U.S. gains Spanish Florida-Jackson and First Seminole war • Monroe Doctrine

15. Rush Bagot Treaty • 1817 • Madison still in office • Significantly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes

16. Treaty of 1818 • Made with Britain • John Quincy Adams • Secretary of State • American Canadian Border, Oregon Territory

18. Acquisition of Florida • First Seminole War (1816-1818) • Andrew Jackson sweeps through Florida and captures Spanish cities. (Disobeyed direct orders from Monroe) • John Q. Adams and Monroe Ultimatum • Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

19. Monroe Doctrine • Written by J.Q.A. • Leave America Alone! • U.S. would regard attempts at European control in the Americas as a personal threat. • Europe should no longer colonize the American continents. • U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

20. Impacts of the Monroe Doctrine • Immediate impact of Monroe Doctrine was small • Long Term Impact: Monroe doctrine became cornerstone of US foreign policy during the last half of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century. • J.Q.A. becomes the most significant secretary of state.