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presented at the Dutch Brokerage Event on Biorefinery and Biofuels January 18 th -19 th , 2007 Amsterdam, the N

Overview of Biofuel Activities in SE Asia & China. presented at the Dutch Brokerage Event on Biorefinery and Biofuels January 18 th -19 th , 2007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands by David Tee Liang & Prof Tay Joo Hwa Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE) Singapore.

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presented at the Dutch Brokerage Event on Biorefinery and Biofuels January 18 th -19 th , 2007 Amsterdam, the N

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  1. Overview of Biofuel Activities in SE Asia & China presented at the Dutch Brokerage Event on Biorefinery and Biofuels January 18 th -19 th , 2007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands by David Tee Liang & Prof Tay Joo Hwa Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE) Singapore

  2. Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass Resources2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities

  3. Use of renewable sources of energy by regions, in Mtoe primary energy 1. Traditional biomass energy consumption is, by its nature, very hard to estimate. 2. New renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal, wave and ocean energy, and micro hydro power.

  4. Primary Energy Demand of Fuel in Asia, 2000-2020 Singapore Energy Demand in 2003: 88% oil and 12% NG –heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Source: Kokichi ITO, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. “Asia/World Energy Outlook”, a presentation in 385th Forum on Research Work, 10 March 2004, Tokyo, Japan

  5. Projected Oil Demand by Region in Asia (2000-2020) Projected Gas Demand by Region in Asia (2000-2020) Projected Oil and Gas Demand in Singapore during 2000-2020: 2.6% share in total oil incremental increase and 0.9% in total of gas increase in the region.

  6. Traditional biomass: Open burning, small domestic/industrial burners/boilers lead to Low efficiency High emissions Haze episodes Singapore sits in a region teeming with Biomass Energy Sources…. Energy Potential of Agro-processing Residues as Percentage of Total Primary Energy Production, %

  7. SUGAR INDUSTRY Process energy required: 25-30 kWh/tonne of sugarcane 0.4 tonne of steam 1 tonne of sugarcane 100-120 kg Sugar Waste: 290 kg Bagasse ~ 100 kWh

  8. WOOD INDUSTRY (PLYMILLS) E n e r g y r e q u i r e d : P l y w o o d : 1 1 0 k W h / c u . m . l o g + 1 . 2 t o n n e o f s t e a m 1 c u . m . o f D e b a r k e d W o o d L o g 0 . 5 c u . m . P l y w o o d W a s t e : 0 . 5 c u . m . W o o d R e s i d u e s ~ 1 2 0 k W h

  9. WOOD INDUSTRY (SAWMILLS) Energy Required: Sawmill: 35 - 45 kWh/m3 1 m3 of Debarked Wood Log 0.5 m3 Sawn Wood Waste: 0.5 m3 Wood Residues ~ 80 kWh

  10. RICE INDUSTRY Process energy required: Paddy milling and drying: 30-60 kWh/tonne paddy 650-700 kg White rice 1 tonne of Paddy Waste: 220 kg Husks ~ 90-125 kWh

  11. PALM OIL INDUSTRY Process energy required: 20-25 kWh/t 0.73 tonne of steam 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunches 200 kg palm oil Waste: 600-700 kg POME ~ 20 m3 biogas 210 kg fibers + shells ~ 45 kWh 230 kg empty fruit bunches ~ 35 kWh

  12. Energy from Biomass Waste Residues Issues Preventing Widespread Exploitation of this Abundant Energy Source in SE Asia • Lack of awareness by stakeholders • Remote and diffused site/locations • Low energy density of the raw material • No grid connectivity • Plant operators unskilled/unwilling to cope with new, unfamiliar processes • Lack of funds for new capital projects • Lack of government support

  13. Critical Needs for Biomass Wastes Technologies for Conversion of Waste • Value add for Animal Feed/Fertilizer Production • Efficient direct combustion w/steam cycles • Pyrolysis/Gasification with diesel gen. • Pyrolysis/Gasification with GTL • Enhanced biogas production plus purification/compression • Cellulase based fermentation for ethanol • Other innovative conversion technologies…

  14. Critical Needs for Biomass Wastes Market Drivers that will enhance its use • Government Policy and Support • Carbon credits and CDM projects • Escalating Fossil Fuel Costs • Availability of Grid and Buy-back Structure • New cost effective technology for biofuels conversion • Integrated planning by large plantation owners • Regional agreements and actions to abate haze episodes

  15. Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China3. R&D Focus and Advances4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities

  16. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China • Fossil energy demand growth in Asia outpacing production/new discoveries • Asia is the largest producer/consumer of edible oils including soy, rapeseed, vegetable, peanut, coconut and palm oil etc. • Ethanol fermentation has also been long practiced and well understood • SE Asia is teeming with biomass resources and has potential for large energy crop plantations • Biofuels production buoyed the market demand for renewable and low sulfur fuels • Many new projects are being developed and new investments are pouring in • CDM and EU/Japan/Regional demands a major driver

  17. Potential Plant Sources for Ethanol Switch Grass Corn Sugar Cane Sunflower Sugar Beet Sugar Beet Casava

  18. Crop Liters ethanol/ha US gal/acre Miscanthus 14031 1500 Switchgrass 10757 1150 Sweet Potatoes 10000 1069 Poplar Wood 9354 1000 Sweet Sorgham 8419 900 Sugar Beet 6679 714 Sugar Cane 6192 662 Corn 3461 370 Casava 3835 410 Wheat 2591 277 Comparison of selected bioethanol feedstocks Source: Petroleum Club (with permission)

  19. Potential Plant Sources for Biodiesel Soybean Jetropha Sunflower Canola Oil Palm

  20. Comparison of selected biodiesel feedstocks Source: 2feelgood website

  21. Country BiofuelType Feedstock Plant Location (city/region) Capacity (T/y) Technology Employed Intended Market Remarks Cambodia Biodiesel Jatropha oil Prey Veng Province 28 Chemical basic catalytic Domestic Maharishi Vedic University project demonstration Indonesia Biodiesel Palm oil 8 Biodiesel plants 400,000 Mixing palm oil to diesel Domestic and Export Total production will be187 ML (2007) Ethanol Sugar cane 3 Ethanol plants 150,000 Domestic and Export Year unknown Vietnam Biodiesel Catfish fat An Giang Province 10,000 10 ML of diesel fuel (2007) from 10,000 T of catfish Biodiesel Agifish An Giang Province 600 Pilot plant Biodiesel Used oil Saigon Petro 730 Pilot plant Ethanol Sugar cane, molasses, cassava, maize Nil Planning Thailand Ethanol Cassava Bangkok 400,000 Domestic 400,000 in 2006, projecting 1 million in 2007 Philippines Biodiesel/ Ethanol Sugar cane, cassava, sweet sorghum, corn, coconut oil n/a 100,000 Domestic 5~10% bioethanol/ gasoline blending; 1% coconut methyl ester blending in diesel Biofuels Production Plants in SE Asia

  22. Bio Fuel Type (EtOH) Feedstock Plant Location Capacity (T/y) Technology Employed Intended Market Remark (Company or investor) Fuel alcohol (EtOH) Corn Jiling 400,000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle （blend with gasoline, B10) JI LIN FUEL ALCOHOL COMPANY LIMITED (吉林燃料乙醇公司) EtOH (Drinkable and fuel alcohol) Dated foodstuff and corn Heilongjiang 370,000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle and ethanol market 黑龙江华润酒精有限公司 Fuel alcohol (EtOH) Dated wheat or straw Henan 500,000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle HENAN TIANGUAN FUEL ETHANOL CO. LTD (河南天冠集团燃料乙醇有限公司) Fuel alcohol (EtOH) Corn and cassava Anhui 440,000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle ANHUI BBCA BIOCHEMICAL CO., LTD. (安徽丰原生物化学公司) Fuel alcohol (EtOH) Cassava Guangxi, Hebi and Liaoning 800,000 NA Domestic Under Construction 中粮集团(正在兴建中) Ethanol Production Plants in China

  23. Biodiesel Used-cooking oil, vegetable oil Hainan 20,000 Chemical catalytic method Domestic 海南正和生物能源公司 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oils, animal fats, rapeseed oil Sichuan 20,000 Chemical basic catalytic method Domestic 四川古杉油脂化学公司 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oil,s animal fats Fujian 150,000 Chemical catalytic (Solid basic, possible) method Domestic China Biodiesel International Holding Co., LTD 中国生物柴油国际控股有限公司(包括福建龙岩和厦门卓越新能源发展有限公司) Biodiesel Jatropha oil and tea-seed oil Guangxi 300,000 Chemical catalytic and molecule extraction Domestic 广西柳州明惠生物燃料有限公司(其中10 T/y 已投产；20 T/y兴建中) Biodiesel Rapeseed oil Shandong 250,000 Enzyme catalytic transesterification Export to Europe (威海碧路生物能源有限公司, 兴建中) Handling by Austria Biolux company Biodiesel Cotton-seed oil Xinjiang 100,000 Biology method (building…) NA 新疆生物柴油炼油厂 ( 规划建设中) Biodiesel Production Plants in China

  24. Biodiesel White tung oil Chang-hua county, Taiwan 200,000 NA NA 世界生物能源公司 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oil, sunflower, soy-bean and rapesed oil Chiayi county, Taiwan 3,000 NA (Demonstration plant) Domestic Taiwan NJC Corp. 台灣新日化公司「生質柴油示範工廠」 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oils Kaohsiung city and Taipei city, Taiwan 4,000 NA (blending gasoline with import biodiesel) Domestic 積勝企業股份有限公司; 承德油脂股份有限公司 Biodiesel Production Plants in Taiwan

  25. Biodiesel Plants in Singapore & Malaysia Investor Plant Size(t/yr)Location Remarks Wilmar International 250,000 Malaysia Jan’07 Advanced Holdings Ltd 100,000 Malaysia End’07 MAE Engineering Ltd 60,000 Malaysia 38% equity in Lereno Natural Fuel of Australia 600,000 S’pore 1st phase Nov’07 Peter Cremerof Germany 200,000 S’pore Mid’07 Nexsol 100,000 Johore Mid’07 Biofutures of UK 200,000 Sabah End’07 VDH-IESE 200,000 S’pore Early 2008 VDH-IESE 200,000 Malaysia Mid 2008

  26. Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China China: Government subsidy exists for ethanol, but not yet for biodiesel (expected to be announced shortly). Natural Jetropha located in Southwestern region, Once planted as part of re-forestation and soil conservation measure. Recent activity focused on biodiesel has caused escalating price in waste food oil (~$600 US/T). Plan for massive Jetropha plantation (~10 Million acres) proposed and seed selective breeding research has yielded impressive results (~48% yield). Other R&D include glycerin conversion, marine algae, and yeast fermentation. Domestic market for ethanol and biodiesel expected to be huge. Indonesia: Gradually replacing Malaysia as the largest Palm oil producer in the region with more large plantations under development. Biodiesel a relatively new development due to availability of indigenous fossil fuel resources. Recently signed a major deal with China on biodiesel production (see next page).

  27. Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Quote from Economist:  Jan13th-19th 2007, p.7China National Offshore Oil Corporation agreed to invest in a $5.5 billion Indonesian biofuels project, thought to be one of the world's largest. The state-owned company is looking for energy sources that could one day ease China's reliance on oil and coal. However, the news was not welcomed by environmentalist worried about the rainforest that will be cleared to make way for crops needed to produce the biofuels. .

  28. Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Thailand: Government mandate for biofuel blend in gasoline and diesel products. Several large ethanol plants are already in production with more to come. Considered one of the most advanced in the region in terms of policy supporting the development of biofuels and renewable energy. Cambodia: With large areas available for energy crops, the government has been courting investors to develop Jetropha plantations/agronomy . Small biodiesel demonstration plant underway. Philippines: One the region’s large sugar producers and is poised to engage in ethanol/biodiesel production. Recently passed legislation for 5% blend of ethanol and 1% blend of biodiesel in all fuels sold.

  29. Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Malaysia: Once the world’s largest palm oil producer, Malaysia has millions of acres of palm plantation invested and has gained considerable knowledge for palm oil processing. It aims to remain as the major producer of palm oil and is ready to supply to the biofuels market. This may lead to a boom to the palm oil market and push up the price of crude palm oil which had seen a drop when compared with its peak of almost $850 US per ton. Taiwan: The estimated demand for biodiesel is 32 million liters per year if the target of 5.5% blend is to be achieved. With no government subsidies announced yet, several major plants are already being constructed including one with 400,000 t/y. Government plans to use dormant and contaminated farmland for the use of energy crops which can provide approximately 25 million liters of biodiesel. Additional 7 million liters can come from waste food oil and animal fats.

  30. Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Singapore: With no indigenous fossil resources nor arable land, Singapore remains to be the favorite in the region for investors to site biodiesel plants, despite its higher costs. This is due to its political stability, financial clout, strong IP protection, oil tanker traffic & shipping hub status plus it has also established as the world’s major oil refinery center (ranked number 2 in capacity). Logistically it sits in the middle of two largest oil palm producers (Indonesia & Malaysia). With easy access to the feedstock by tankers, and ready infrastructure for oil trading and oil product distribution to all major markets. It is no surprise that investors consider it a safe & strategic location for biodiesel production. Together with industrial partners, IESE has become an equity partner in a JV company with plan of setting up two biodiesel plants at 200,000 t/y each. This one in a series of developments in Singapore with total capacity now approaching 1.2 million t/y!!

  31. Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China3. R&D Focus and Advances4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities

  32. R&D Focus and Advances • On Ethanol • Enzyme (cellulase) based production process • Membrane based ethanol/methanol dehydration • DME conversion On Biodiesel • High yield Jetropha and other low cost feedstocks • Marin algae or yeast + carbon sequestration • Enzyme based production process • Glycerin conversion to higher value products On Biogas/biomass gasification • Membrane based biogas upgrading • Gas to liquid (GTL) processes

  33. Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities

  34. Issues Affecting Biofuels Market • Conventional energy costs (coal, oil and gas) • CDM and its extension • Food or Fuel debate • Land use: arable land/rainforest depletion • Government policies/subsidies • Political stability of the host country • Supply/demand imbalance • Possible Cartel for crude palm oil? (palm oil supply dominated by a few processors/traders in the region)

  35. Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities

  36. Opportunities in SE Asia on Biofuels • Providing Technologies for biofuel production • Join consortium for project development • Production of high yield seeds and seedlings • Development of large scale plantations • Marketing of biofuel products • Carbon credits and CDM projects

  37. What are we looking for at this event?? Turnkey Suppliers for 2X 200,000 t/a biodiesel plants; Engineering Contractors for the same; R&D partners for innovative biofuel/bioenergy technologies, can match EU funding; Markets/buyers for the biodiesel products. Looking forward to meet you in the next 2 days!!

  38. Bioenergy Outlook 2007, April 26-27 Issues, Advances and Opportunities in BioEnergy Singapore welcomes you in April 2007!! Abstract 31 Jan Acceptance 28 Feb Full Paper 15 Mar Conference 26/27 Apr Selected papers will be published in Energy& Fuels under American Chemical Society (ACS) Publications. Send Abstracts NOW to:ryan@ntu.edu.sg For Exhibition, contact:kstan@ntu.edu.sg

  39. Thank You !

  40. Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering The Business of Innovation for the Environment

  41. Mission “ to lead in ET innovation & accelerate ET commercialization to meet the regional needs for the sustainable economic development”

  42. Vision “ to become a Leading Technology Company built on Innovations in Environmental Science & Engineering and serving as the Environmental Technology (ET) Receptacle for Singapore.”

  43. Membranes for Water Resource Recovery & Gas Separation Advanced Air Pollution Control Marine Environment & Ballast Water Clean & Renewable Energy Waste Utilization & Resource Recovery Applied Environmental Biotechnology Research Leading in Technology Development for

  44. IESE Manpower

  45. IESE Organization R & D Centres Marine & Resources Recovery Water & Membranes Environ Biotechnology Clean Air & Energy

  46. IESE Facilities • Hollow Fibre Membrane Spinning Machine • Crossflow MF/UF/NF/RO-filtration Rigs • DOTM – for real time membrane fouling studies • Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) • Ultrasonic Reflectometry (UDTR) • Optical MicroscopeContact Angle Measuring system • Rheometer • Zeta Potential Analyser • Streamline Potential Analyser (SPA) • Particle Size Analyser (PSA) • Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOC) • High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) • Scanning Electron Microscope with EDX • Ion Chromatograph (IC) • Transmission Electron Microscope • X-Ray Diffractometer • UV-VIS Spectrophotometer • Gel Permeation Chromatograph S$13.5 million of equipment 400 sq m of laboratory space

  47. Pilot Equipment: High-Temp Fluidized Bed Reactors Fixed Bed Reactors Fermentors Membrane Bioreactors Hollow Fibre Membrane Casting Unit Ceramic Membrane Casting Unit Rotary and Box Furnaces Ferrator Advanced Oxidation Equipment Shipboard BWT pilot plant IESE Facilities

  48. 1.60 1.43 1.40 1.25 1.20 1.00 0.86 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.014 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.00 IESE USEPA BRI (C ) CRC ENV CAS (CN) Cutec (G) TNO-MEP(N) CRC AEB (AU) Fraunhofer(G) North America Patent Output per S$ Million

  49. IESE Achievements

  50. IESE (Planned) Group of Companies IESE PTE LTD REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES IESE WATER ASIA PTE LTD IESE SOLUTIONS PTE LTD IESE NEW OIL PTE LTD IESE CDM CONSULTANCY PTE LTD IESE MEMBRANE TECH PTE LTD IESE AIR & ENERGY PTE LTD IESE MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PTE LTD INVESTORS PAN ASIAN WATER SOLUTIONS LTD ENVIPURE PTE LTD INVESTOR INVESTOR PA WATERTECH PTE LTD [JV] IESE - ENVIPURE [JV] IESE – INTEGRITY SENSOR [JV] BALLAST WATER TREATMENT [JV] FEDERAL ENV & ENERGY PTE TD INVESTOR INVESTOR IESE-FEDERAL SHANGHAI [JV] IESE – MD / MBR [JV] BIODESULPHURIZATION OF BUNKER OIL [JV] ENVIPURE PTE LTD IESE-ENVIPURE [JV] WATER PRODUCTS USED OIL AIR & ENERGY CDM MEMBRANE MARINE WATER & WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROJECTS SMALL SCALE / LOW COST WATER / WASTEWATER / WASTE TO ENERGY PRODUCTS USED OIL RECYCLING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL / RENEWABLE ENERGY MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

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