now . . . what is biotech?

1. now . . . what is biotech? WELCOME TO BIOTECH!

2. “Biotechnology” Definition = the study of living organisms and/or their parts as tools. NOTE: not just DNA NOTE: its been around a really, really long time

3. Biotechnology: DEFINITION • The use of modern molecular and microbial techniques to make useful products or processes. • The field is constantly expanding and changing—therefore, so does the definition

4. What human activities use biotech? • Healthcare • Agriculture • Food • Industrial manufacturing • Biofuels • Mining • Pollution monitoring & waste management • Conservation • Biodefense • Forensics • Human origins • nanotechnology

5. HEALTHCARE • Use of medicinal plants/organisms for all of human history • Written evidence going back thousands of years • (remember…use of organisms as tools)

6. HEALTHCARE TODAY • The largest segment of the biotech industry • =biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, diagnostic tools and tests

7. Drug production and discovery Genetically-engineered bacteria to produce human insulin Cancer medication from a fungus that lives in the Pacific Yew tree

8. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS & TESTS • Identify bacteria or viruses quickly • use genetic information to help detect and diagnose conditions faster and with greater ease and accuracy • More than 1200 tests in clinical use today

9. Pharmacogenomics Prescribing medication based on your DNA sequence

10. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Pharmacogenomics all of the DNA in a cell pharmaceuticals (based on) • Treatment effectiveness CAN be affected by the patient’s genetic makeup

11. Genetic Testing Determining your DNA sequence to predict genetic traits you might possess or pass to your children. Adult After conception Birth

12. Stem Cells Cells that have not become a specific cell type; used for replacing cells and studying how the body develops

13. Gene Therapy Changing your genes to eliminate a genetic disorder

14. agriculture • Formal agriculture known for at least 12,000 years • Humans certainly grew and cultivated plants and raised animals for much longer

15. Traditional Agriculture Allof today’s crops, livestock, and pets were initially produced by selective breeding

16. Modern Agriculture Using selected genes from a wide variety of organisms, crops and livestock can be geneticically-modified for: - Increased yield - Increased nutrition - Better taste • Decreased use of fertilizers and pesticides • Disease resistance

17. Modern Agriculture Genetically-modified organisms • GMO’s • GM foods • GE foods (genetically engineered) • Bioengineered foods

18. Modern Agriculture 1st approved GM food—FlavrSavr tomato (1994) 2017 GM crops (US) • 94% of cotton • 94% of soybeans • 92% of corn

19. Modern Agriculture It’s not just plants… Recombinant bovine somatotropin (growth hormone) • rbST, RBGH • Used with dairy cows Problems with consumer perceptions and preferences (a trust issue) yields milk prices

20. Modern Agriculture It’s not just plants… Aquadvantage salmon • Much faster growth than wild stocks • Inserted gene for growth hormone from Chinook salmon • Promoter from ocean pout • Growth all year instead of just Spring & Fall

21. Cloning Creating living, genetic copies of an organism

22. Traditional Food Yogurt, Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer all made by using living organisms. …AND, they have all been around for a really long time!

23. Traditional Food CHEESE!!! Living organism/part? What IS an enzyme??? www.packertime.com It’s not just for headwear anymore!!!

24. Traditional Food Yogurt!! Living organism/part? Process? Product?

25. Traditional Food Beer, Wine, Bread!!! Living organism/part? Process? Product?

26. Food Very much linked to agriculture • Yeast & bacteria engineered to produce needed enzymes/products • CHEESE—traditionally rennin (from calf stomachs) • Now—chymosin • Pfizer, late 1980’s • Calf chymosin gene into E. coli • E. coli produces chymosin enzyme • 1990, chymosin is the 1st artificially produced enzyme registered & approved by the FDA

27. Industrial Manufacturing (Feedstocks) Using living organisms instead of petroleum to create plastics and other chemicals. = bio-derived chemicals

28. Industrial Enzymes produced with biotechnology From Biotechnology: a laboratory skills course, BioRad

29. Biofuel Using living organisms (usually yeast or bacteria) to make ethanol from cellulose (plant sugar). • Bioethanol (yeast) • Biodiesel—vegetable oils Requires land to grow the plants • Food vs. fuel

30. Pollution Monitoring & Waste Management Biosensors electric signal in presence of pollutant biological organism or molecule converts into Biotech instrument • Use • Antibodies • Enzymes • PCR

31. Bioremediation Using living organisms to remove toxins from soil, oil from oil-spills

33. Conservation | Definition of Conservation by Merriam-Webster https://www.merriam-webster.com › dictionary › conservation 1 : a careful preservation and protection of something especially : planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect water conservation wildlife conservation. 2 : the preservation of a physical quantity during transformations or reactions.

34. conservation • DNA profiling—identifying organisms and/or products • DNA barcoding—id species to catalog biodiversity

35. biodefense • Used against possible bioweapons • =biosensors

36. forensics • DNA evidence • For conviction • For innocence • The innocence project • Exonerates wrongly convicted individuals

37. Human origins • DNA fingerprinting • Early human civilizations • i.d. plants & animals they used • Human migration patterns • Personal ancestry

38. nanotechnology • = manipulation & use of materials at atomic & molecular levels to perform functions • When it involves biology = nanobiotechnology

39. “old” vs. “new” biotechnology • Are they the same? Different? WHY/HOW???