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Unit 7

Unit 7. MODERN WORLD HISTORY . Unit 7 Agenda. Day 1 – Cold War Day 2 – Conflicts After 1945: Korea; Vietnam & Israel/Palestine Day 3 - End of the Cold War & China After Mao. The World after 1945. Cold War United Nations vs. League of Nations NATO & Warsaw Pact

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Unit 7

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  1. Unit 7 MODERN WORLD HISTORY

  2. Unit 7 Agenda • Day 1 – Cold War • Day 2 – Conflicts After 1945: Korea; Vietnam & Israel/Palestine • Day 3 - End of the Cold War & China After Mao

  3. The World after 1945 • Cold War • United Nations vs. League of Nations • NATO & Warsaw Pact • Building of the Berlin Wall • Hungarian dissidents defeated • Reaction to the Czech uprising of 1968 • Containment • Brinkmanship • Détente • Cold War Conflicts – Korea and Vietnam • Israeli & Palestinian Conflict • Lord Balfour’s Declaration • Collapse of the Soviet Union – Gorbachev’s Reforms • Glasnost • Perestroika • Foreign policy • democratization • Post Mao China – • Deng’s 4 Modernizations • Tiananmen Square

  4. Differing ideologies of the USSR & USA • Communism • Basic Principles -Marxist-Leninist ideas, dictatorship of the proletariat • Political- Internationalistic, one party rule, supreme leader • Social - Supported by workers and peasants • Cultural - Censorship, indoctrination, secret police • Economic- Collective ownership, centralized state planning • Capitalism/Democracy • Basic Principles – Democratic, individual rights • Political – National elections of leaders, multi party rule • Social – Supported by citizens • Cultural – individualistic, freedom of expression and from tyranny • Economic – Individual wealth, capitalistic economy with some restrictions, opportunity to become wealthy

  5. The Cold War • The state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II.

  6. Differing Goals of USSR and USA: USSR USA • Encourage communism • Rebuild war ravaged economy using satellite nations • Control eastern Europe to balance US influence • Keep GR divided to prevent war • Encourage democracy • Gain access to raw materials for industry • Rebuild Europe to create new markets • Reunite GR to stabilize it and increase security

  7. The Start of the Cold War • The Yalta Conference (Feb. ’45) • Dropping the bomb (Aug. ’45) Who are “The Big Three”

  8. Yalta Conf. : leaders of GB, US & USSR

  9. Germany and Berlin • Divided into two parts, East and West • East Germany, East Berlin – Soviet control (communist) • West Germany, West Berlin – Allied control • 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall –becomes a symbol of the Cold War

  10. What were the satellite nations? • Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia • A wall of nations that was to shield the USSR from invasion.

  11. Satellite Nations:

  12. June 1945 Creation of the United Nations • Replaces the FAILEDLeague of Nations • World peace-keeping body • “to save succeeding nations from the scourge of war” • Security Council : US, USSR, GB, China & France

  13. Potsdam Conference July 1945 • Truman – “I went to Pottsdam with the kindliest feeling toward Russia – in a year and a half they cured me of it”. • Stalin – “Communism and capitalism cannot exist in the same world. War between the two is inevitable.” • Stalin doesn’t keep his promises from Yalta -refuses free elections in satellite nations

  14. “The IRON CURTAIN” • “…an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe… All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Winston Churchill, March, ‘46

  15. Satellite Nations:

  16. NATO – 1949 & Warsaw Pact - 1955 Cold War Rivals: • 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – alliance of 10 Western European nations, US & Canada • Promised to meet an attack on any NATO member with armed force. • Warsaw Pact – alliance of Soviet satellite countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany) to protect against Capitalist attack

  17. Dividing the Globe • First World – nations aligned with the US • Second World – nations aligned with the USSR • Third World – non aligned nations

  18. Cold War – USSR • In the post war years, the Soviets kept a firm grip on satellite nations – Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany • After the Death of Stalin, March of 1953, more moderate leaders come to power • During the 50’s and 60’s, Eastern European nations try to gain more autonomy and independence

  19. Soviets Dominate Eastern Europe: Nikita Khrushchev • Denounces Stalin • Enacts de-Stalinization (purging the country of Stalin’s memory) program • Nevertheless resentment in the satellite countries still builds… • Soviet policies greatly hampered Eastern Europe’s economic recovery

  20. Soviet Union puts down reform protests • Cold War Dissidents (those who protest Soviet policies) - not tolerated by USSR leadership: • 1956 in Hungary Imre Nagy forms a new government • Response of Soviet Union – Soviet forces overpowered the Hungary’s freedom fighters • USSR leader, Nikita Khrushchev replaced Nagy’s gov’t and had him executed

  21. Nikita Khrushchev

  22. More Protests for Reform in the Soviet Union • Cold War Dissidents (those who protest Soviet policies) - not tolerated by USSR leadership: • 1964 Alexander Dubcek’s Czechoslovakia invaded by member countries of the Warsaw Pact – • USSR leader - Brezhnev – claimed Soviet right to prevent its satellites from rejecting communism

  23. Leonid Brezhnev

  24. Containment & Brinkmanship Containment Policy (Pres. Truman): 1949 • US Proposal for dealing with the Soviet Union • “The communist government will break down if we contain it”. (examples: Greece, Turkey, Korea) Brinkmanship Policy (Pres. Eisenhower): 1953 • Eisenhower becomes US president -1953 • US secretary of state John Foster Dulles – begins policy of “brinkmanship”. If the USSR or its supporters attack US interests, the US would be willing to go to the edge or “brink” of war with the USSR. • Examples: Cuban Missile Crisis & War in Vietnam

  25. From Brinkmanship to Detente In the 1970’s both the US and USSR backed away from aggressive policies of “Brinkmanship” Moved toward a period of lowered tensions US embraces DÉTENTE – President Nixon adopted this policy of reducing COLD WAR tensions

  26. COLD WAR CONFLICTS: KOREA & VIETNAM

  27. 1950 • Korean warbegins • Soviets in charge in North, US in South • North invaded the south

  28. 1950 • Causes Truman to agree about a conspiracy that the Soviets are trying to take over and spread communism • Idea that can’t just contain them any more but must roll them back

  29. 1950 • UN ordered troops to help South Korea • Any part of the world is a potential battlefield

  30. Korean War

  31. Korean War 1950-1953 • Neither side gained an advantage in the 3 year war • July 1953 – UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement. • Both North Korea and South Korea remain divided today • North Korea – remains communist • South Korea – 1987 adopted a democratic constitution and held free elections

  32. 1956-1973 • US perspective: “A defeat for freedom anywhere is a defeat for freedom everywhere”

  33. Vietnam • Vietnam = French colony never under one solidified gov’t before • 1945 Japanese withdraw from Vietnam – French want their colony back… • 1954 groups of Vietnamese succeeded in overthrowing the French

  34. Vietnam • US supports France through funds because Vietnam’s revolutionary leader of the Nationalist group, the Vietminh • Ho Chi Minh claims to be a communist

  35. Communist & Nationalist Revolutionary

  36. Vietnam War

  37. Domino Theory- explains US involvement in Vietnam • “You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly” • Pres. Eisenhower explaining why the US needed to stop the Communists in Vietnam

  38. A Divided Vietnam… • France is defeated & the Geneva Conference divides Vietnam in two with US supporting the South and the USSR supporting the North • Vietnam is divided at the 17th parallel

  39. Vietnam War

  40. South Vietnam gets US support… • US pours a lot of money into effort and sends advisors to help police and military in S. Vietnam become more effective • By 1963 US loses confidence in leader of S. Viet (Ngo Dinh Diem) and so, the US supports a military coup

  41. US Escalates Involvement in War • By 1965 – 15,000 US advisors are involved • Can’t withdraw now and have to increase effort to win • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • begin with bombing, therefore needed air force, bases, Marines, military to fight the VIETCONG (communist guerillas)

  42. Vietnam War

  43. Reasons for Vietnam 1965 – internal documents listed the following • 10% - freedom/independence for Vietnam • 20% - to avoid Vietnam going to the communists • 70% - to avoid a humiliating US defeat

  44. The End of the Vietnam War U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of the Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress. The capture of Saigon by the Vietnam People's Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.

  45. The Fall of Saigon

  46. Post War Vietnam • Vietnam is still governed by Communists today. However the country now welcomes foreign investment - much of these investments come from the US. • As of December 2007, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries (including the United States, which normalized relations in 1995).

  47. Palestine/Israel: Post World War II Conflicts

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