Renaissance and Reformation Ch.14

1. Renaissance and ReformationCh.14

2. Italian RenaissanceWhy does our government want all kids to be educated? 1300-1600

3. Italian States • The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking. • Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists.Patrons of the Arts

4. During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. Social Classes • Rebirth or revival of Greek and Roman antiquity. Humanism and Renaissance Man • Humanities – History, Literature, Art, Logic/Reason, Rhetoric/Debate, Grammar, Science • Florence – Birthplace of the Renaissance – Medici Family - Bankers

5. Florentine merchants loaned and invested money • Huge profits from investments and loans • More disposable income – Patrons of the arts • The rich and middle class enjoyed the wealth, instead pilgrimages to the City of God

6. Florence Oligarchy Medici family Milan Condottiere - mercenaries Spanish empire Venice Great Council Doge - leader Monopoly on spice and luxury trade Papal States Renaissance Popes (Italian) Borgias (Spain) 1492 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Poor land Spanish empire Italian States - Rivaliries

7. Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles. (Political and economic) • Merchant guilds and communes. (Oligarchies) • Political rivals created an unstable government • The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed and excluded from government • The popolo used armed conflicts to establish republican form of governments. • The popolo could not maintain civil order • The wealthy and nobles would gain back control by using the Condottieri (military leaders) • The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts

8. Renaissance Literature Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince Dante Alighieri • Divine Comedy Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) • Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6) • Literary humanism • Devout Catholic • Revive the classics

9. Italian Renaissance Art • Religious scenes focused on expressions • Holy as human - Humanism • God’s beauty in world • Nude body • Uniqueness - self-portraits

10. Sandro Botticelli • Vivid colors • Classical mythology • The Adoration of the Magi • The Birth of Venus • Primavera

11. Leonardo da Vinci • First Italian artist to use oil paints • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper • The Virgin of the Rocks • Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion

12. Leonardo da Vinci • Studying fossils • Anatomy from dissections • First accurate description of human skeleton • Remained on paper

13. Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings • Sistine Madonna • School of Athens

14. Michelangelo Buonarotti • Sistine Chapel • Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood • The Last Judgment • David • Moses • Pieta • Dying Slave • Night

15. Michelangelo Buonarotti

16. Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.

17. The Northern RenaissanceWhy does information spread so fast today? • The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward. • Why does it happen later? • The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.

18. Northern Renaissance • The Kings and Queens of Europe brought in the great artists and scholars • Trade and travel to Italy – people were educated in Italy - exploration

19. Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries • Printing press w/ moveable type • Johannes Gutenberg • 1456 - the Bible • Rapid spread of knowledge

20. Christian Humanism • Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith – Church encouraged Bible study • Erasmus • ‘Prince of the Humanists’ • Praise of Folly • Rejected Luther

21. Flemish Painting • Jan and Hubert van Eyck • First to use oil paints • The Adoration of the Lamb • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

22. Peter Brueghel • Earthly and lively activities of peasants • Peasant Wedding • Children’s Games

23. German Painting • Albrecht Durer • Mastery of expression • Woodcuts • Self-Portrait

24. Hans Holbein the Younger • Portraits • Henry VIII • Erasmus • Thomas More • The Ambassadors

25. Elizabethan Literature • Edmund Spenser • Leading poet • Christopher Marlowe • playwright • Brief career • Doctor Faustus • William Shakespeare • Most famous playwright • Thomas More • Utopia – beneficent government

26. Spanish Renaissance • Miguel de Cervantes • Don Quixote • El Escorial – King’s Palace • El Greco

27. Mannerism (1520-1600) – The artists did not focus on nature, more on style • Tintoretto, The Last Supper • El Greco, Resurrection

28. France • Black Death and 100 years war left France depopulated • Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled the English, strengthened finances thru salt and land taxes. • Charles VII created the first permanent royal army • Concordant of Bologna (1516) – Frances I and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings to appoint bishops – set church policies

29. England • Decline in Population? • Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power of nobility, and establish local order • Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from expensive wars • The royal council was filled with common lawyers, not nobles – The Star Chamber • When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are well respected

30. Spain • Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite the royal houses, but not the two peoples – Spain not united • They weaken the power of the aristocracy – excluded from royal council • They secured the power to appoint biships in colonies • Anti-Semitic pogroms – 40% of jews killed or forced to convert (conversos)- “purity of blood”

31. Spain • Inquisition – Expell all Jews • Hapsburg dynasty continues with Charles V and Philip II • Charles V – inherits the Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire • Philip II – Unites Spain in 1580