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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation. And Counter Reformation. Reformation. was the major split in the Christian Church between Catholics and Protestants

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. The Protestant Reformation And Counter Reformation

  2. Reformation • was the major split in the Christian Church between Catholics and Protestants • it was a Protestant movement begun at first to correct practices which many people felt were wrong for the Church to do, but later split off from the Catholic Church Luther at Worms

  3. Martin Luther • “Father of the Protestant Reformation” • German monk • believed in justification by faith; or that a person could be made good by God’s mercy & love • brought into conflict with Pope Leo X over Indulgences, buying off people’s sins by “donations” • preached against Catholic practices he felt were wrong • 1517, he nailed a list of 95 complaints, Ninety-five Theses, to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany

  4. More Luther • Luther was excommunicated, condemned as a heretic & outlaw & he went into hiding • while in hiding, Luther translated the Bible into German & laid the foundation of the 1st Protestant faith, Lutheranism • salvation was by faith alone (not good works) • the only source of religious truth was the Bible (not priests) • church services were held in the vernacular • priests could marry

  5. Other Protestant Reformers Other Protestant Reformers: • John Calvin • from Switzerland • doctrine called predestination, or that God alone determines the fate of every person • as Calvinism spread, they were known in France as Huguenots & in England were called Puritans

  6. Henry VIII (Tudor) • king of England, at 1st condemned Luther & was awarded the title, “Defender of the Faith” by Leo X • asked Pope for an annulment from wife, Catherine of Aragon (with whom he had 6 children, only 1 surviving) a daughter, Mary; • wanted to marry Anne Boleyn to produce a male heir • the pope refused, Henry split with the Church & began Church of England (Anglican) allowed him to divorce Catherine & marry Anne who had a daughter, Elizabeth

  7. Henry’s Wives

  8. Elizabeth and Mary Tudor • Henry married 4 more times, and finally a son, Edward VI • Became king at age 9 & died at 16 • 1556 Mary became Queen, very Catholic & determined to make England Catholic again • Many Protestants put to death, given the nickname, “Bloody Mary” • succeeded by Elizabeth, who ruled as a Protestant queen from 1558 –1603 & never married & had no children; known as the “Virgin Queen” • Henry VIII is known as the “Protestant Reformer of England

  9. The Counter Reformation (The Catholic Reformation)

  10. Council of Trent 1545-1563 Pope Paul III Met to reform the Church and reaffirm Catholic beliefs • Rituals and tradition will remain part of worship • Salvation through faith and good works • Church tradition equal to Bible as source of religious truth • Selling of indulgences and simony were outlawed • Pope is the head of the Church on earth • Seminaries for proper training of priests • Stricter rules for clergy (monasteries and convents) • Reinstituted the Inquisition to stamp out heresy

  11. Edward VI and the PopeThe Word of the Lord Endureth Forever, All Fleshe is Crase

  12. Catholics Respond Spreading Catholicism • Stem the spread of Protestantism, strengthen Catholicism Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus • known as Jesuits • Preached, helped the poor, established schools • As missionaries strengthened Catholicism in Eastern Europe and rest of the world

  13. Europe Divided Peace of Augsburg • HRE Charles V tried to stop the spread of Protestant ideas • 1555, after many wars, political battles and religious debates, signed treaty : Peace of Augsburg • allowed each Ger. Prince to choose religion of his state • Division of Europe into Protestant north & Catholic south

  14. Inquisition • Church courts vigorously tried to wipe out heretics • Helped stop spread of Protestantism in Italy and Spain

  15. Results • Encouragement of Education • Bible in Vernacular, encouraged people to learn to read • Step toward Religious Tolerance • People realized that intolerance threatened their own religion Look Mom! I can Read it! Luther’s Bible in German

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