Age of Jefferson

1. Age of Jefferson Unit 3A AP U.S. History

2. Think About It • To what extent did Jefferson’s administration and ideology maintain continuity and foster change in American politics and economics from 1787 to 1812?

3. Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809) • Plantation and slave owner from Virginia • Statesman • Assemblyman • Declaration of Independence • Governor • Minister to France • Secretary of State • Vice-President • President • Democratic-Republican • Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists • Kentucky Resolution • Inaugural Address • “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” • “Renaissance Man” • Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist

4. What is Jeffersonianism? • Republicanism and Civic Virtue • Civic duty • Voting and efficacy • Right to education • Natural Elites • Resist corruption • Federalism and States’ Rights • Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification • Strict constitutionalist • Dominant legislature, weak judiciary • Economic coercion over standing armies • Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens • Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue • Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry • Responsibility of subsistence • Dependence led to class conflict • Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy • America’s responsibility to spread democracy • Avoid entangling alliances • Society • Republican motherhood; absent from politics • Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) • Black inferiority and white superiority • Separation of Church and State

5. Was Jefferson Jeffersonian? • Consider the following historical concepts and events in regards to the question… • The Federal Judiciary • Louisiana Purchase • Barbary/Tripoli Pirates • Embargo Act of 1807

6. Federalists National policies Strong central government Loose constructionists Commerce and manufacturing Urban The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers Pro-British Northeast Democratic-Republicans States rights Strong local/state governments Strict constructionists Agricultural Rural Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans Anti-British West and South First Political Party System (1789-1824) Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

7. Midnight Judges Judiciary Act of 1801 Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judicial review “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.” – Chief Justice John Marshall Impeachments John Pickering Associate Justice Samuel Chase Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary

8. Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase(1803) • Napoleon’s Plans • Jefferson’s Plan • Brokered a deal for $15 million • Doubles the size of the United States • Federalist opposition • Lewis and Clark Expedition

9. The Louisiana Purchase Should Be Approved;The Louisiana Purchase Should Be Opposed Thomas Jefferson – Letter to John Breckinridge and Third Annual Message to Congress (1803) Samuel White – U.S. Senate Speech (1803) Possession of [New Orleans; and of such other positions on the Mississippi] we must have…to secure to us forever the complete and uniterrupted navigation of that river. This I have ever been in favor of; I think it essential to the peace of the united States, and to the prosperity of our Western country. But as to Louisiana, this new, immense, unbounded world, if it ever be incorporated into this Union, which I have no idea can be done but by altering the Constitition, I believe it will be the greatest curse that could at present befall us...the settlement of this country will be highly injurious and dangerous to the United States...and of making the fertile regions of Louisiana a howling wilderness, never to be trodden by the foot of civilized man, it is impracticable...The inducements will be so strong that it will be impossible to restrain our citizens from crossing the river. • The Constitution has made no provision for our holding foreign territory, still less for incorporating foreign nations into our Union. The executive, in seizing the fugitive occurrence which so much advances the good of their country, have done an act beyond the Constitution. The legislature, …risking themselves like faithful servants, must ratify and pay for it... • While the property and sovereignty of the Mississippi and its waters secure an independent outlet for the produce of the western States, and an uncontrolled navigation through their whole course, free from collision with other powers and the dangers to our peace from that source, the fertility of the country, its climate and extent, promise in due season important aids to our treasury, and ample provision for our posterity, and a widespread field for the blessings of freedom and equal laws.

10. Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates • Washington and Adams • Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy • Jefferson • Barbary states increase bribes • U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched • Though no decisive victory was reached, protection was maintained for US merchant vessels in the Mediterranean

11. Jefferson and the Embargo Act • Napoleonic Wars • Britain vs France • British and French impressment of Americans • HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake • Embargo Act of 1807 • Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports • Economic impact on Americans

12. Election of 1808 • James Madison (D-R) • Charles Pinckney (F) • Federalists gained congressional seats

13. James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817) • Napoleonic Wars • Impressment continues • Non-intercourse Act of 1809 • Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) • Western Frontier • Alleged British influence on Natives • Native wars • War of 1812

14. Causes of the War of 1812 • United States vs. Great Britain • British impressment • Alleged British influence in the western frontier • War Hawks in Congress • John C. Calhoun • Henry Clay • Opposition to War • Federalists • Old guard Dem-Reps • New England and merchants

16. War of 1812British Invasion • Chesapeake Campaign • Invasion of Washington D.C. • Burning of the White House • Nature FTW • Fort McHenry and Baltimore • Star-Spangled Banner and Francis Scott Key

17. “Old Ironsides” • Constructed in 1797 • Still in commission 42 Wins 0 Losses

18. War of 1812Battles with Frontier Natives • Tecumseh’s War • Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • Battle of the Thames (1813) • Creek War • Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

19. War of 1812End of the War • End of Napoleonic Wars • Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) • Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

20. Hartford Convention (1814) • Platform • Federal economic assistance for New England • 2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state admission, and declaration of war • Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise • One-term president and no same-state successor • Talk of secession by radicals • After War of 1812 • Perceived as traitors • Effectively weakened as a national party

21. War of 1812’s Impact • Growth of nationalism • Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings” • Domestic industrial and manufacturing development • Emphasis on national infrastructure • Promotion of professional military • International respect • Natives significantly weakened • Increased drive to expand west