The Age of Jefferson C.N. 3.1

1. The Age of JeffersonC.N. 3.1 How did the United States transform itself from a republic led by an elite group into a more democratic nation? To what extent did Thomas Jefferson’s presidency shape conceptions of national identity as expressed in the development of political institutions and cultural values? How were competing conceptions of national and regional identity expressed in the development of political institutions and cultural values after the War of 1812?

2. The Campaign of 1800 • Main issues • State’s rights vs. central government • Adams’s character • Monarchist • Jefferson’s character • “An atheist, a Jacobin, and the father of mulatto children” • Sally Hemmings • “God – and a religious president” or “Jefferson – and no God” • Federalists divided • Adams supporters (moderates) • “High Federalists” (Hamilton’s wing)

3. The Election of 1800 • Results • Jefferson – 73 • Burr – 73 • Adams – 65 • Pinckney – 64 • J. Jay – 1 • House of Representatives • Decided after 36 ballots • Hamilton arranges deal • 12th Amendment • President and VP elected separately • “Revolution of 1800” • Federalists • John Adams • Charles Pinckney – VP • Democratic-Republicans • Thomas Jefferson • Aaron Burr – VP

4. Making the presidency safe for democracy Initial acts Alien and Sedition Acts expire Naturalization Act of 1802 Debt reduction Eliminates internal taxes (whiskey tax) The Judiciary "The midnight judges" Repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 Attempted (but failed) to remove justices by impeachment Jefferson as President “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”~ Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address ~

5. Doc. Journal 3.1 Read and Annotate • What was the main focus of Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address? Why do you think Jefferson chose this focus? • Some historians have suggested that it was addressed not to his supporters, but to his political enemies. What evidence is there to support this claim? • Jefferson refers to the Constitution several times in his address. What does this suggest about the way he will interpret it when making decisions?

6. The case 1801 – William Marbury appointed Justice of the Peace (DC) John Marshall (Adams’s Secretary of State) does not sign commission Madison (Jefferson’s Secretary of State) does not sign his commission Marbury wants a writ of mandamus (court to force Madison to sign it) The court Chief Justice: Marshall The decision The court does not have the power to force the executive branch to sign commissions BUT it does have power to interpret the Constitution and laws Judicial review Marbury v. Madison (1803)

7. Louisiana Purchase • 1800 – France acquires Louisiana from Spain • New Orleans • Important city for trade/navy • 1803 - Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana • $11.25 million • Assume French debt (3.75 million) • Total: $15 million "By enlarging the empire of liberty we … provide new sources of renovation, should its principles, at any time, degenerate, in those portions of our country which gave them birth.” ~ Thomas Jefferson ~

8. The Louisiana Purchase • Final cost • 828,000 miles2 • 529,920,000 acres • 2.8¢/acre • Doubles size of country • Jefferson didn’t want to buy because he thought it overstepped his constitutional powers

9. Lewis and Clark • Meriwether Lewis • William Clark • 1805-6 • Purposes • Map the Missouri River • Northwest Passage • Scientific study • “Corps of Discovery” • Sacagawea

10. The Election of 1804 • Jefferson runs for second term • Jefferson - 162 • Charles Pinckney - 14 • Federalists • Moderates become Republicans • Main party localized to New England

11. Neutrality Endangered • America enjoyed trade from European War • France • Continental System (1806) • Britain • Orders in Council (1806) • Stopped foreign trade to France • France • Milan Decree (1807) • Other problems • Impressment • 1803-1812: 6,000 sailors impressed • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) • 3 Americans killed, 18 wounded “Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none”~ Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address ~

12. Non-Importation Act (1806) Forbids specific British goods Does not work Embargo Act (1807) All trade with Europe ended Extended in 1808 Repealed in 1809 Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Banned trade with Britain and France Would reopen trade with whomsoever abandoned trade restrictions Jefferson declines a third term Madison becomes President “Virginia Dynasty” America Responds

13. The War of 1812

14. 1806 – Continental System 1806 – Orders in Council 1807 – Milan Decree 1806 – Non-Importation Act 1807 – Embargo Act 1809 – Embargo Act repealed 1809 – Non-Intercourse Act Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Reopened trade with both Britain and France If either nation stopped its attacks on neutral shipping, the US would end trade with its enemy Napoleon indicated that France would stop harassment US ends trade with Britain June 1812 – Britain ends all restrictions on American trade Economic Warfare

15. The War Hawks • South and West were most affected by trade restrictions • New leaders in the House of Representatives • Henry Clay (KY) – Speaker of the House • John C. Calhoun (SC) • Felix Grundy (TN)

16. Native Americans • Shawnee • Tecumseh • William Henry Harrison • Military governor of Indiana • Battle of Tippecanoe

17. The War Begins • Ultimate causes: • Trade restrictions • Native American conflicts • Canada! • President Madison opposes war, but gives in to pressure • “Mr. Madison’s War” • America the unready: • ‹ 7,000 troops • Only 16 ships • USS Constitution • “Old Ironsides” • No Bank of the U.S. “Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law and of their national flag, have been torn from … everything dear to them; have been dragged on board ships of a foreign nation … to be exiled to the most distant and deadly climes to risk their lives in battles of their oppressors.”~ James Madison’s War Message ~

18. The War • Invasion of Canada fails • British strategy • Attack coastal cities • Cut off New England from the rest of the states • Seize New Orleans and close Mississippi

19. Washington, DC August 1814 British march on Washington Madison flees White House and Capitol burned Baltimore September 13, 1814 Fort McHenry “Star-Spangled Banner” Francis Scott Key The War (continued)

20. December 1814 – Hartford, CT New England Federalists Timothy Pickering Secession Moderates propose constitutional amendments Repeal 3/5 compromise 2/3 majority necessary to admit new states No embargo may last longer than 60 days 2/3 majority necessary to ban trade with another nation 2/3 majority necessary to declare war Only natural-born citizens can hold office One-term limit on President; no two consecutive presidents can be from the same state End of the Federalist Party The Hartford Convention

21. Battle of New Orleans January 1815 Andrew Jackson Treaty of Ghent December 1814 Status quo ante bellum No territory changed hands Land restored to Indians Commissions established to resolve border disputes Impressment continued Effects of the war Nationalism Growth of industry Overseas prestige The End of the War