The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Take out a sheet of paper • What do you already know about the Protestant Reformation? • 3 minutes

3. Breakdown of Denominations

4. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) • Interested in authority of clergy. • People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. • Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). • This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

5. Early Reformers Cont… • Erasmus (1466-1536) • “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” • Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. • He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. • Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

6. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! • The Printing Press!!!! • Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books) • People have access to books whenever they want them. • How does this relate to the Reformation? Explain your answer? Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

7. What is the Protestant Reformation? • Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. • People grew displeased with the churches… • Financial Corruption • Abuse of Power • Immorality

8. What happens to spark the Reformation? • Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! • Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) • Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

9. Language Barriers • Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. • Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. • It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

10. Martin Luther • Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. • One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. • Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

11. Luther’s 95 Theses • In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. • Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! • Criticized: • Indulgences • Power of Pope • Wealth of Church • God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! • Catholic View: Good Works

12. Excommunication • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. • Excommunication- expelled him from the church. • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. • Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. • Hence the term Protestant!

13. Other Reformations • Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland • Theocracy • A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. • John Calvin in Switzerland • Predestination • God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. • John Knox in Scotland • Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

14. In England, the Reformation began with the King! • King Henry VIII • The king who had six wives… • He wants a SON! Lines provided in notes to write down story of King Henry VIII.

16. The Reformation Parliament • Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. • Act of Supremacy • Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

17. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII • His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies). • Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” • Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. • Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

18. During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic Church & started new Christian denominations

19. Martin Luther began the Reformation & believed in Justification by Faith Protestant Reformation John Calvin believed in predestination & a strict code of living Henry VIII, not the Pope, was the head of the Anglican Church

20. In the 1500s, the new protestant faiths spread, especially into northern Europe in areas away from the power of the Catholic Church But, most Europeans, especially in Spain, France, Portugal, & Italy stayed with the Catholic Church which remained the largest religion in Europe but it had lost much of its power & influence

21. How did leaders of the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

22. Assume the role of a Catholic bishop attending the Council of Trent in 1545 Develop a response to the Reformation What do you do!? • Brainstorm solutions to this problem • Identify positive & negative consequences of each possible solution • Rank order your solutions • Be prepared to discuss

23. The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation became known as the Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation) The Catholic Reformation

24. One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540 Members of the Society of Jesus were called Jesuits & focused on three goals: Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

25. In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices, known as the Council of Trent The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of reforms New schools were created to educate priests

26. The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core Catholic beliefs & practices Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final & all others who interpret the Bible are heretics (non-believers)

27. To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, & punish heretics

28. The Church banned & burned all offensive books, including Protestant bibles

29. The Impact of the Reformation The Protestant Reformation left Europe religiously divided Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics & Protestants The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings gain power & form nations Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout the world The Reformation encouraged education & the questioning of long-held beliefs

30. On the same sheet of paper • How would you explain the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation “in a nutshell”?

31. Closure Activity