Carbon Compounds

1. Carbon Compounds

2. Chemistry of Carbon • Why is it so important? • Carbon has 4 electrons that can join with an electron from another atom, to form a strong covalent bonds. {Remember: Covalent bonds are bonds that share electrons between atoms} • C-

3. Chemistry of Carbon • Why is it so important? • Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form long chains. • Carbon – Carbon bonds can be single-, double-, and triple- covalent bonds.

4. Single Covalent Bonds C:C share 2 electrons Double Covalent Bonds C::C share 4 electrons Triple Covalent Bonds C:::C share 6 electrons

5. Chemistry of Carbon • Chains of carbon can close on themselves to form rings.

6. Macromolecules • Macromolecules means “large” molecules. They are made up of tens of thousands of smaller molecules • They are formed from POLYMERIZATION (pah-lih-mur-ih-ZAY-shun). Polymerization builds large compounds from small compounds.

7. Monomers (small units) join to form polymers. Monomers in the polymers maybe identical or different. MONOMERS POLYMERIZATION POLYMER

8. There are four groups of carbon or organic compounds found in living things: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic acids • Proteins

9. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. • It is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio.

10. They are the main source of energy for most living organisms. And they are used for structural purposes.

11. Carbohydrates • Some organisms use carbohydrates as their main energy source. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes. • The breakdown of sugars, like glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cellular activities. Living things that store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates are known as starches.

12. Carbohydrates • Simple sugars known as monosaccharides (mahn-oh-SAK-uh-ryds). • Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. • Plants store excess sugar as plant starch and animal store excess sugar called glycogen.

13. Lipids • Are a varied group of molecules. They are not soluble in water. They are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms. • SEE FIGURE 2-14 • They are used to store energy, biological membrane or waterproof coverings

14. LIPIDS Common categories for lipids are: • Fats, oils and waxes They are used to store energy, become part of a biological membrane or as waterproof coverings.

15. LIPIDS If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, then its called UNSATURATED. Lipids that contain more than one double bond are called POLYUNSATURATED.

16. Nucleic Acids Are macromolecules that are known being called Nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

17. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides can be joined by COVALENT bonds to for a nucleic acid or polynucleotide.

18. Nucleic acids store and transmits genetic information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

19. Proteins • Proteins are macromolecules that are polymers of molecules called amino acids. • Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

20. Proteins • Some proteins control the rate of chemical reactions and regulate cell functions. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of the cell or help fight disease.