Political Ideologies in Leisure, Sport, and Tourism: A Comprehensive Guide

1. CABI TOURISM TEXTS 4th EditionLeisure, Sport andTourism, Politics,Policy and Planning A. J. Veal COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

2. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition CHAPTER 2 Political Ideologies Introduction The nature of ideology Conservatism Feminism Environmentalism Liberalism/neo-liberalism, libertarianism Marxism Anti-globalism Democratic socialism Theocracy Social democracy, 3rd Way, communitarian Principles Leisure, sport and tourism Parties Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

3. The nature of ideology • Ideology: ‘A system of ideas concerning phenomena, especially those of social life; the manner of thinking of a class or an individual’ (Shorter OED) • Internally consistent sets of ideas about how society should be run • N.B. Sometimes negative connotations Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

4. Relevance? Understanding our place in history • Pre-modern societies: • spiritual values, goals and regulation • hereditary class and status systems • aristocracy and monarchy + theocracy • Modern societies: • 18th century onwards • humanitarian values and ideals • human progress towards a better society • political ideologies (socialism, liberalism etc.) =‘grand narratives’ • Postmodern societies: • demise of ‘grand narratives’ • N.B. collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union etc. • loss of confidence in ideology by ‘the left’ in the West Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

5. Relevance 2: current politics • Current western politics: • parties need to capture the ‘floating voter’ • movement to the ‘centre’ • policies guided by opinion polls rather than ideology • Current political discourse still uses ideological terms: • references to ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘socialism’, ‘neo-liberalism’ etc. • Anti-globalization, rise of populism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

6. Political spectrum (Fig. 2.1) Social democracy/ Third Way Conservatism Democratic socialism Feminism Neo-liberalism Radical Reformist Environmentalism Radical Reformist Marxism Anti-globalism Populism  Theocracy Fascism Anarchism RIGHT LEFT Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

7. UK: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

8. Australia: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1 cont’d) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

9. Conservatism • Origins: – 19th century landed/upper class • Principles: – stability and tradition rather than change – acceptance of inequality as natural – respect for ‘traditional’ institutions/values (e.g. monarchy, family) – pragmatic re. role of government – support for voluntarism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

10. Conservative parties • UK: Conservative Party • Australia: National Party + Liberal Party (pre-1996) • USA: Republican Party (but also encompasses neo-liberalism) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

11. Conservative principles and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Government support for elite activity and ‘excellence’ • Support for voluntarism • Government aid to traditional and rural industries (e.g. agriculture, regional tourism) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

12. (Neo-)Liberalism • Origins: • Liberalism arose in the 19th century • desire for freedom – of individual, trade – as reaction against privilege • later: free-market principles – hence use of neo-liberalism to indicate right-wing orientation • Principles: • freedom of the individual • belief in the efficacy of competition • minimization of government interference in markets • small government • reduced taxes • privatization of state assets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

13. Liberal/neo-liberal parties • UK:Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher, Cameron • Australia: Liberals under John Howard, Tony Abbott, Turnbull • USA:Republicans under Ronald Reagan, George Bush and George W. Bush Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

14. Liberalism/neo-liberalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Leisure, sport and tourism viewed as business sectors • User-pays principle • Privatization of operation of leisure/sport/ tourism facilities • Support for voluntarism • Freedom of individual choice (e.g. some have advocated de-criminalization of drug use) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

15. Marxism/neo-Marxism Origins: • Marxism: the 19th century writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Neo-Marxism: 20th century writings adapting Marxism to later developments in Marxism Principles: • fundamental feature of society is economic relationships • capitalist society characterized by clash of interests between • bourgeoisie (capitalists) who own the means of production (capital) • proletariat (workers) who own only their labour power • capitalists seek to maximize profits by exploiting workers • predicted that eventually capitalism will collapse – this should be hastened by workers’ revolutionary action to overthrow capitalist system and take control of the means of production Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

16. Marxism/Neo-Marxism: parties • Communist parties in power: • 1917–89: Russia/Soviet Union • 1945–89: Eastern Europe • Now: China (highly modified), Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, some Indian states • Decline of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe shook faith of Marxist/Neo-Marxist western social scientists • Rejection of all ‘grand narratives’ • Marxist/Neo-Marxist theory remains a strong analysis/critique of capitalism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

17. Marxist/Neo-Marxist principles and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Generation of ‘false needs’, by advertising, to create profits • Leisure as ‘resistance’ to capitalism (e.g. youth sub-cultures, subversive art) • Divisiveness, elitism and competitiveness of leisure institutions • Public provision provides a ‘human face’ for an oppressive system Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

18. Democratic Socialism Origins: • Marxism and 19th century unions but also many earlier workers’ movements Principles: • equality and fraternity • defenceof working class interests vs middle/ruling classes • state control of capitalism through ownership/control of key industries • state creation of more equality and ‘welfare state’ through progressive taxation • change through democratic methods, not by violence • capitalism can be ‘tamed’ – gradually replaced by socialism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

19. Democratic Socialism: parties • Labour parties in UK, Australia, Europe up to about the 1960s • Now mostly developed into social democratic parties Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

20. Democratic Socialism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Support for state provision of leisure, sport and tourism facilities/services • Free/highly subsidized provision, especially for disadvantaged groups Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

21. Social democracy and the Third Way • Origins: • compromise between socialism and conservatism • Third Way developed in the 1990s to reshape social democracy • Principles: • seeks more equality, supports state role/welfare state, but, • accepts capitalism will survive • does not envisage a socialist system • Third Way: adds ‘obligations’ to welfare ‘rights’ Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

22. Social democracy/Third Way: parties • UK: • debates in the 1960s/70s moved Labour Party from socialism to social democracy • Third Way: associated with Tony Blair, Labour Party leader, Prime Minister (1997–2007) • Australia: • Australian Labor Party followed the pattern of Labour in UK • USA: • left wing of Democratic Party often seen as Social Democratic • Third Way associated with President Bill Clinton Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

23. Social democracy/Third Way and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Belief in state provision • Recreational sport as a social service: Sport for All • Access for all at minimum cost, preferably free, to the user • Community arts alternative to professional, elite arts, democratization of the arts + cultural democracy • Support for tourism industry but also social tourism – subsidized holidays for deprived groups Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

24. Feminism • Origins: • 19th/20th century campaigns for political rights: votes for women • Principles: • ideology or ‘movement’? • concept of patriarchy: men organize/control society in their own interests – excludes and disadvantages women • reformist: reform the system (equal pay, equal opportunity, childcare services, etc.) • radical/Marxist: change the capitalist system fundamentally • Parties: • generally no specific political parties for feminism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

25. Feminism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Women generally have less leisure time than men • Tradition/culture/media limit ‘acceptable’ leisure activities for women • Institutions/infrastructure of leisure traditionally dominated by men • Leisure can be a means of resistance against patriarchy • Reformist programmes: transport access, safety, childcare facilities at leisure sites Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

26. Environmentalism • Origins: • 1960s/70s: concerns about human impacts on flora, fauna and ecosystems • Principles: • ideology or ‘movement’? • questioning of pursuit of economic growth at the expense of the environment • emphasis on sustainability • reformist: legislate to prevent negative impacts • radical: destructive capitalist system must be changed fundamentally • Parties: • ‘green’ parties exist in many countries • have held/shared power in some European countries Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

27. Environmentalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Leisure, sport and tourism as offenders in the consumerist/materialist society? • Leisure, sport and tourism are major users of natural environments: • requiring the concept of sustainable development/ use Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

28. Anti-globalism/Populism • Anti-globalism origins: • 1990s concern with: • western capitalism generally • activities of multi-national enterprises (MNEs) in particular • Globalization: antecedents in empires and 19th century trade • Principles: • ideology or ‘movement’? • opposed to MNE impacts on: • developing countries • the environment • Parties: • no specific parties, but some green parties aligned Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

29. Anti-globalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism • Many MNEs involved in leisure • Major impact on sport, media and tourism • Homogenization/Americanization of culture? Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

30. Populism • Origins: • nationalist/right-wing parties in Europe/Australia, UKIP in UK • recent examples: • exit from EU (‘Brexit’) vote in UK • election of Donald Trump in USA • Principles: • opposition to immigration • concern with loss of traditional industries • desire to disrupt ‘elites’ controlling traditional parties • Implications for Leisure, Sport and Tourism: • few: LST does not feature in programmes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

31. Summary • See Table 2.2 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts