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INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959 Derviş KORKUNAL

INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959 Derviş KORKUNAL. Political organizations in Cyprus. Crete invasion by Germans in 1941 Economic revival of Cyprus by: military defensive infrastructure economic aid from London Union Committee (PTUC) 1941

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INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959 Derviş KORKUNAL

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959 Derviş KORKUNAL

  2. Political organizations in Cyprus • Crete invasion by Germans in 1941 • Economic revival of Cyprus by: • military • defensive infrastructure • economic aid from London • Union Committee (PTUC) 1941 • English Government gave permission to the domestic elections • The Progressive Party Of The Working People (AKEL) vs. Church

  3. Communism vs. Nationalism • Necati Özkan vs. Fazıl Küçük • Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu (KATAK) 1943 • Kıbrıs Milli Türk Halk Partisi (KMTHP) 1944 • Kıbrıs Türk Birliği İstiklal Partisi 1949 • Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi (KTP) 1955 • Kıbrıs Türk İşçi Birlikleri Kurumu 1945 • Preventing left movement

  4. Enosis Demands after WWII and Turkey’s manner • The Labour Party • AKEL vs. Church • AKEL demands self-government • Church’s referandum • Enosis • Greece Government’s policy • before 1954 • after 1954 • Henry Hopkins’s speech in 28 July 1954 • Fuad Köprülü: “Bizim Kıbrıs diye bir meselemiz yoktur. “ before 1955

  5. Internationalizing and EOKA • Papagos appealed to the General Secretary of UN after Hopkinson’s speech in 16 August 1954 • After that the Cyprus issue became an international problematic issue • England, Turkey and Greece offer their demands in General Assembly in 17 December 1954 • After the rejecting of demands of Greece Grivas went to the Cyprus and established the EOKA and then EOKA started its’ attacks in 1 April 1955 • After the increasing of aggression of EOKA English government applied new policies • The most important move of England was the threesome –England, Greece and TURKEY- conference in London

  6. London Conference and 6-7 September Events • Macmillan • Stefanopulos • Fatin Rüştü Zorlu • Conference was ended unsuccesfully because of 6-7 September events • The results of these events; • Turkey started to apply a new policy. When she was forced in the Cyprus issue she attacked to the minorities groups whose are her citizens • The relationship between Turkey and Greece was spoiled.

  7. Suggestions of England and Taksim Thesis • KMTHP KTP and first resistance organisation VOLKAN • Makarios was deportied to the Seychelles Islands • EOKA increased its’ aggression and Turkish society started to perceive against them • English government changed its’ policy and Lord Radcliffe went to the Cyprus to make a constitution in July 1956 • Failure of Suez operation in 1956 changed the destiny of Cyprus

  8. Foot Plan in 1957 • Macmillan Plan in 1958 • Makarios and Greece rejected these plans because of taksim thesis • Denktaş and Küçük rejected these plans because of enosis • In Turkey “Ya Taksim Ya Ölüm” and in Cyprus Greek- English opposition turned to the Greek- Turkish opposition (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı- TMT which was established in 1 August 1958) • Cyprus issue became a very complicated situation because of EOKA’s and TMT’s aggression against each other, English government’s strict policies and Greek Cypriots’ and Greece’s behaviour

  9. These situation was not good for the USA • It was going to a Turkey and Greece fight • It was weakened the southeast wing of the NATO • There was a danger that USSR could be stronger than the USA • UN General Assembly accepted to make a conference • NATO meeting in December 1958

  10. The Period from Zurich Summit to the Foundationof the Republic of Cyprus Başak EKENOĞLU

  11. Why turkey change her policies on cyprus ? • Turkey supported Partition (TAKSIM) policy in island before Zurich Summit • Policy Change in NATO meeting 1958 • WHY? • security perception in the cold-war conditions • Turkey was a Western alliance country

  12. The Zurich Summit 1 January-11 February 1959 • In January 1959, negotiations started between • Turkey : MENDERES and ZORLU • Greece: KARAMANLIS and AVEROF • In 11 February, parties declared that they agreed on a framework

  13. Important Documents In ZurIch SummIt • Gentlemen Agreement • Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus • Treaty of Guarantee • Treaty of Alliance

  14. The London Conference12-19 February 1959 The debate in Turkish National Assembly (T.N.A): • Kasım Gülek and Bülent Ecevit who talked on behalf of Republican People's Party (CHP) criticised the government about giving up the ‘’Taksim policy’’ and also saw the independence of Cyprus as a sacrifice for Turkey • However, Ismet Inönü put forward he agreement was signed in the conditions of the cold-war • The foreign Minister Zorlu emphasise 3 principles • Voting in 4 March 1959, the 347 of 487 votes were positive,138 negative and 2 abstaining

  15. Documents Which Are Related With The Foundatıon of The Republic of Cyprus • Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus • Treaty of Guarantee • Treaty of Alliance

  16. Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus • The basic structure that decided in Zurich • Some important points of agreement: • The State of Cyprus shall be a Republic with a presidential regime • President -Greek and the Vice-President -Turkish • President and the Vice-President shall have the right of final veto • Legislation: 1. House of Representatives : comprise %70 Greek community / %30 Turkish community 2. The Communal Chambers • Separate municipalities in five largest towns for both communities • The Civil Service consistof %70 of Greeks and %30 of Turks • Army consistof2,000 men, of whom %60 of Greeks and %40 of Turks

  17. Makarios-The president of Cyprus

  18. Dr. FazilKucuk- Vice-President of Cyprus

  19. Treaty of Guarantee • Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and United Kingdom • Importance: gave guarentor rights to Turkey, Greece and United Kingdom • Article 3: Greece, the UK, and Turkey undertake to consult together, with a view to making representations, or taking the necessary steps to ensure observance of those provisions. In so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs established by the present Treaty • Turkey intervene to island in 1974 by dependon this artcile

  20. Treaty of AllIance • Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey and Greece • Treaty predict cooperation between Turkey, Greece and Republic of Cyprus on the common defence • Article 3: In the spirit of this alliance and in order to fulfil the above purpose a tripartite Headquarters shall be established on the territory of the Republic Of Cyprus • Article 4:Greece shall take part in the Headquarters mentioned in the preceding article with a contingent of 950 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers and Turkey with a contingent of 650 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers

  21. In 16 August 1960 The RepublIc of Cyprus Announced

  22. The IndependenceCeremony of Republic of Cyprus

  23. THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1960-1964NAZ ŞEN

  24. EARLY DISAGREEMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS • Establishment of the armed forces • Procedure for acceptance to the armed services • New tax law order • The vote for new tax law between the two societies

  25. ANKARA VISIT OF MAKARIOS • Inonu and Makarios meeting on new tax law order • Makarios’s demand on changing constitution of Republic of Cyprus • 30th November 1963- Makarios’s offer for new constitution • Changing in 13 items on constitution

  26. INTERCOMMUNITIES CLASHES IN 1963 IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS • Fights in the streets of Republic of Cyprus • The London Conference • Rauf Denktas’s offer for solution • Offer for solution of England • Makarios’s offer for solution

  27. CLASHES OF ERENKOY • The letter from Rauf Denktas to Ismet Inonu • The intervention of Turkey to Republic of Cyprus • The attitude of UN

  28. JOHNSON’S LETTER AND İNÖNÜ’S ANSWER (1964)BİRNUR EYOLCU

  29. ThePeriodBefore Johnson Letter / TheInterventionAttempts of Turkey December 1963 • Increase in the aggressive actions of Greek Community towards Turkish community • 21st of December; Gürsel’s letter to US President • President Johnson’s neutrality between Turkey and Greece 1964 Period • UN’s “Peace Force” was founded to send aid for Cyprus in 4th of March. • 13th of March: Turkey sent a message to Makarios to show her possible intervention to the island • Between 14-27 March, UN Peace Forces arrived in Cyprus.

  30. Increase in the secret armament of both Greek and Turkish Communities in Cyprus resulted in the continuity of the clashes between two sides. Therefore; • 16th of March: Turkish National assembly gave an authority to Turkish Government for intervention to Cyprus. After 3 intervention attempts Turkey; • determined the final intervention day as 6th of June • informed USA about her intervention aim in 4th of June • in 5 June 1964, US’s President Lyndon Baines Johnson sent his famous letter to İsmet İnönü.

  31. The Main Topics of Johnson’s Letter5 June 1964 • Turkey should consult US for continuityof the allience between Turkey & USA • Turkey’s proposed intervention would affect the partition of the island • The obligations of NATO /Results of Possible Turkish & Greek war • Possibility of direct involvement by the Soviet Union

  32. United Nations factor • Turkish Military equipments were supplied by US • Ismet Inönü is invited to Washington to discuss the Cyprus issue

  33. Inönü’s Answer to Johnson 13 June 1964 • In the previous 3 attempts, Turkey informed US about her intervention aims • UN & US couldn’t stop the conflicts on the island • Turkey is aware of her responsibility to consult the other two guaranteeing powers, but Greece is not • Turkey does not have a purpose of effecting the partition of Cyprus • Turkish-Greek war could only be waged by Greece

  34. The principles of NATO Agreement require the protection of Turkey against possible Soviet attack • Turkey is respectful to the UN and the principles of the organization • Cyprus Government’s actions against the foundation treaties and constitution of Cyprus • Prime Minister, Ismet Inönü will come to Washington to discuss Cyprus issue with President Johnson

  35. İsmet İnönü

  36. CHANGES IN US-TURKEY RELATIONSAYŞE TAŞPINAR

  37. Negotiations in usa • Bilateral negotiations • London Conference & Zurich Conference • Inönü’s insistence on diplomatic relations • Common interests

  38. İnönü in Washington

  39. FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES in TFP -AFTER 1964 • In terms of; • Diplomatic relations • Peaceful Cooperations with other states • Military issues

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