Effects of Industrialization – Patterns of Change and the spread of industrialization

1. Effects of Industrialization – Patterns of Change and the spread of industrialization Unit Enduring Understandings • Changes in technology and exchange during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the social and economic changes around the world that are still relevant today. 5. Technology and industrial advancement can alter existing social and economic systems. Agenda – Review p 5 Complete packet pages 8 and 9 – 2 goals: 1) understand that for each event there are more than one perspective that could be true. 2) Industrialization had both positive and negative consequences. Complete p 10 to understand how industrialization occurred and how it affected all parts of the world. In a group of 2 or 3, Draw a cartoon of industrialization and its positive and negative effects.

2. Patterns of Change: IndustrializationChanges IR caused on these types of people • Poor City Dwellers – Due to no plans for how cities should grow, no sanitary codes nor building regulations to control rampant growth, the poor lacked adequate housing and many were forced to live in dark, filthy, unhealthy and unsafe conditions • Factory workers – because factory owners’ purpose was to maximize profits, they wanted to keep machines running and to keep factory costs down. This caused workers to work long hours for very low wages, often under dangerous and unhealthy conditions. Later working conditions and standards of living improved. • Wealthy Merchants – Gained wealth, social status, greatly improved living standards and joined the ranks of the upper middle class of professional

3. Patterns of Change: IndustrializationChanges IR caused on these types of people • Children – Due to no laws, and the need that families had for income, children as young as 6 worked dangerous jobs in factories and mines. Later, child labor laws partially reformed the factory system • Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers– enjoyed an increased and comfortable standard of living. • Large landowners and landed aristocracy – were disdainful and unhappy that their economic and social positions were challenged by the upstarts of the industry class of factory owners, investors and merchants. • The environment was terribly polluted with human waste, manufacturing by-products and the air was polluted by smoke and soot. • Education expanded dramatically with the need for more skilled workers to design, build, install and maintain the machines.

4. “Meanwhile, at social Industry's command,  How quick, how vast an increase. From the germ  Of some poor hamlet, rapidly produced  Here a huge town, continuous and compact,  Hiding the face of earth for leagues-and there,  Where not a habitation stood before,  Abodes of men irregularly massed  Like trees in forests,-spread through spacious tracts,  O'er which the smoke of unremitting fires  Hangs permanent, and plentiful as wreaths  Of vapour glittering in the morning sun.  And, wheresoe'er the traveller turns his steps,  He sees the barren wilderness erased,  Or disappearing…” –William Wordsworth

5. Impact of IR • Increased the amount of goods and services a nation could produce and added to its wealth • Created jobs for workers and (eventually) raised the standard of living • Fostered technological invention and progress • Progress……?

6. Progress…? • As the Industrial Revolution changed society, some grow wealthy while others experience significant hardship • Such differences lead to tension between the social classes • A new class emerged  wealthy “middle” class A big problem arises: who and how should the issues of cities, transportation, health issues, and wealth and class disparities be solved?

7. What do you think…? Who should have the responsibility or obligation to assist those who are poor, disabled, and/or sick?

8. Realist Literature “It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye…” --Charles Dickens, Hard Times

9. Industrialization Spreads and Leads to an Age of Reform

10. Continental Europe • At first, war and unrest in Europe delay the growth of industry (i.e., French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars) • Industrialization would often occur in a given region rather than throughout an entire country, as in Britain’s case • Not all countries had the necessary resources or factors of production

11. Worldwide Impact • The Industrial Revolution widens the gap between more-developed and less-developed nations • Industrialized countries exploit overseas colonies for resources and markets (basis for imperialism) • Over time, standards of living rise in the industrial nations

12. Industrial development in US paralleled that in Britain • Both Britain and US had: • Water power and transportation • Development of railroads • Political stability • Access to capital • Growing population • Natural resources • Labor • US industry expanded • Railroads • Technological boom • Corporations • Availability of land, labor and capital

13. Europe gets industrialization • Wars in Europe prevented industrialization because: • Resources used for war material • Death and destruction hurt people, cities and transportation • War prevented communication and trade • Inflation weakened market demand and access to capital • Expansion of industry in Europe • Regional based on comparative advantage: areas that had good energy and iron supplies manufactured metal, areas with access to energy and cotton processed cotton. Examples like Ruhr Valley for machines, Spain for cotton, Italy for textiles

14. Industrialization revolutionizes the world • Balance of power shifted: • To the US and Great Britain and then Germany and France • Traditional powers like Russia, Austria and Spain had problems industrializing because they lacked one or more of the key factors • Richer industrialized countries got richer and the poor stayed poor and fell further behind. • Paved the way for imperialism • Society benefitted: • Longer life • Better and cheaper products • Better transportation • Greater wealth for those who could earn it rather than being born into wealth • Improved standards of living • More education • Political (democratic) and social reforms.

15. An Age of Reforms Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.

16. Differing Philosophies • The Industrial Revolution changes the structure of society, opening up a gap between rich and poor • New philosophies emerge regarding the role of the government in an industrialized society

17. Differing Philosophies • Laissez-faire thinkers (Adam Smith) support a free market and oppose government regulation • These ideas are the basis for capitalism • Other thinkers oppose laissez-faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives

18. Rise of Socialism • Reformers sought the establishment of a new economic system called socialism • In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all • Socialists believe the government should actively plan the economy and promote equality between all people

20. Time to Read… • Refer to the handout given to you • Quietly read the primary source to yourself • Annotate as you read and answer the questions on a separate piece of paper • Use a dictionary to determine the meaning of words you don’t recognize • Be ready to discuss!

21. Karl Marx • German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism • Believed that history is controlled by economics and class struggle • The future would lead to communism

22. Communism • Capitalist society would eventually destroy itself, as the proletariat would revolt • Workers would bring about economic equality for all and a classless society would form with the absence of any government • Private property would cease to exist

23. Unionization and Reform • Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions • Unions eventually become established and legal • Reform laws are passed in Britain and the United States to limit child labor and set work hours

24. Reform • The abolition movement helps to end slavery by the end of the 1800s • Free public education for all children

25. A Revolutionary…Haiku? • Select a major theme or topic from the Industrial Revolution • Write a haiku about that topic that accurately describes it in some way; be creative! • 3 lines • 5-7-5 syllables • Record on index card and be prepared to submit / share! Karl Marx Working class unite To destroy the bourgeoisie Man, what a sweet beard…