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Pyramids on the Nile

Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians build magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers. Pyramids on the Nile. Format of Do Nows : Today’s Date: Your Name: Question: Response:

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Pyramids on the Nile

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  1. Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians build magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers. Pyramids on the Nile

  2. Format of Do Nows: Today’s Date: Your Name: Question: Response: Q). Thinking back to everything you have learned about Egypt, list as many things as you can remember about it. (you should have a minimum of 10 things written) The time is ___:____. You have until ___:___ to complete the question. Be ready for discussion! DO Now

  3. The Nile River flows northward over 4,100 miles!!! (longest river in the world) • Thin river in a desert • GIFT OF THE NILE • Yearly flooding leaving behind fertile black mud called silt • Farmers plant wheat and barley during the floods; created an irrigation system to water crops in fall and winter • Worshipped the Nile as a God. The Geography of Egypt

  4. Light floods reduce crops, cause starvation Heavy floods destroy property deserts isolate and protect Egyptians Environmental Challenges

  5. The first cataract of the Nile, south of Assuan, Egypt.

  6. River area south of First Cataract is elevated; becomes Upper Egypt • Cataract—where boulders turn Nile River into churning rapids; making river travel past this point impossible • River area north, including Nile delta, becomes Lower Egypt (see map on page 36) • Delta—land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular Upper and Lower Egypt

  7. King Narmer Creates Egyptian Dynasty • Villages of Egypt at one time ruled by two kingdoms—Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt • King Narmer unites them around 3000 B.C.; makes Memphis capital because it is where Upper and Lower Egypt met • Establishes first Egyptian dynasty- 31 dynasties over 2,600 years • What is a dynasty again? Egypt Unites into a Kingdom

  8. Pharaohs Rule as Gods • To the Egyptians, kings are gods; Egyptian god kings called pharaohs • Pharaohs control religion, government, army, well-being of kingdom • Government based on religious authority— theocracy • Ex: it was the Pharaoh’s responsibility to make the Nile flood

  9. Builders of the Pyramids • Kings believed to rule even after death; have eternal life force, ka • Build elaborate tombs, pyramids, to meet needs after death in the after life to cont. to rule • Tombs more important than their palaces • Pyramids made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 ft. high • Kingdom had leadership, government; economically strong

  10. Religion and Life • Egyptians believe in 2,000 gods and goddesses—polytheistic • Re-sun god, Osiris-god of the dead, Isis-ideal mother and wife (the most important Gods/goddess) • Believe in life after death; person judged by deeds at death • Develop mummification, process that prevents body from decaying (embalming and drying of corpse) • Filled tomb with items they could use in the afterlife • Book of the Dead contains prayers and spells, guides soul after death Egyptian Culture

  11. The union of the gods Re and Osiris (c. 1290-2000 B.C.).

  12. Egyptian mummy found in a tomb near Cairo, Egypt.

  13. Social Classes • Society shaped like pyramid, from Pharaoh down to farmers, laborers eventually slaves • Few people at top have great power; most people at bottom • People move into higher social classes through marriage or merit (not locked into their status) • Women have many of the same rights as men- could own or trade property, could propose marriage or seek divorce Life in Egyptian Society

  14. Egyptian Writing • hieroglyphics writing system where pictures represent ideas and later, sounds • Written on stone • One of the keys to growth of Egypt • Later, paperlike sheets made from papyrus reeds were used for writing; created a better writing surface

  15. Limestone bas-relief mural with hieroglyphics found in a chapel erected under Sesostris I (1950 B.C.).

  16. Egyptian Science and Technology Egyptians invent calendar of 365 days and 12 months Develop system of written numbers and a form of geometry Skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids Egyptian medicine famous in the ancient world Practical needs lead to….

  17. Changes to Egyptian Society • Power of Pharaohs declines about 2180 B.C.; end of Old Kingdom • In Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C.), some pharaohs regain control • Improve trade, dig canal from Nile to Red Sea, drain swamps for farms for Lower Egypt • Middle Kingdom doesn’t last long; Hyksos move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 B.C. Invaders Control Egypt

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