Cardiovascular System

1. Cardiovascular System Teresa Rogers Butler County ATC Spring 2012

2. Components • Includes: • Heart • Blood vessels • Blood

3. Function • Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body • Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide from cells • Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body • Helps control body temperature and electrolyte balance

4. The Heart • Is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist. • Located in the mediastinal cavity • Has three layers of tissue: • Pericardium – outer layer, reduces friction as the heart beats • Myocardium – middle layer, pumps blood through the system • Endocardium – inner layer, allows the blood to flow smoothly

5. Chambers of the Heart • Septum – muscular wall that separates the heart into the right and left sides • Each side is divided into two parts • Atria – two top chambers • Ventricles – two bottom chambers • Blood enters the heart through the atria • Blood leaves through the ventricles

6. Heart Valves • Atrioventricular - located between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart. • Tricuspid valve – right side • Bicuspid valve– left side • Semilunar - located between the ventricles and the vessels where blood leaves the heart. • Pulmonary valve • Aortic valve

7. Circulation of Blood • Pulmonary • Systemic • Coronary

8. Pulmonary Circulation • Flow of blood between the heart and lungs • The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. • Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. • Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart.

9. Systemic Circulation • Flow of blood between the heart and body • The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body. • Blood returns to the right side of the heart

10. Coronary Circulation • Flow of blood to the heart muscle • The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to heart tissue • Blood returns to the right side of the heart.

11. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Superior & inferior vena cava • Right atrium • Tricuspid valve • Right ventricle • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Pulumonary arteries • Lungs to exchange gases • Pulmonary veins • Left atrium • Bicuspid / Mitral valve • Left ventricle • Aortic semilunar valve • Aorta all parts of the body

12. Electrical Conduction System Automaticity-enables heart to contract rhythmically and continuously without motor nerve impulses • SA (sinoatrial) Node: pacemaker located where the superior and inferior vena cava enter the right atrium • AV (atrioventricular) Node: sends impulses to ventricles • Bundle of His/Left and Right Bundle Branches: in septumeach to a ventricle • Purkinje Fibers: in ventricle walls to distribute nerve impulses

13. Conduction Pathway Sinoatrial Node AtrioVentricular Node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje Fibers http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.html If a person dies of a heart attack, who will SAVe His KIN? This repeats every 0.8 seconds

14. Conductive Pathway Arrhythmias - are abnormal heart rhythms and can be mild to life-threatening Defibrillator- a device that shocks the heart with an electrical current to stop the uncoordinated contraction and allow the SA node to regain control Pacemaker- is a small battery -powered device with electrodes

15. AED http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=728 Defibrillator http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=775

16. Electrical Cardiogram

17. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html http://www.flashwebmaster.com/portfolio/animation/video/heart/2d_heart_animation_flash_charts_medical.html http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/anim_bloodflow.html http://www.3dscience.com/Resources/3d_Heart_Model_anterior_cut.php

18. blood from the heart gets around the body through blood vessels There are 3 types of blood vessels a. ARTERY b.VEIN c.CAPILLARY

19. The ARTERY Arteries carry blood away from the heart. the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure thick muscle and elastic fibres the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

20. The VEIN Veins carry blood towards from the heart. veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

21. The CAPILLARY Capillaries link Arteries with Veins they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells. the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

22. The CAPILLARY A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed. artery vein capillaries body cell

23. what’s in digested food red blood cells white blood cells BLOOD oxygen waste (urea) platelets carbon dioxide hormones plasma

24. The Blood white blood cell red blood cell plasma platelets

25. Red Blood Cells contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it. a biconcave disc that is round and flat withoutanucleus can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

26. White Blood Cells there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus. their main function is phagocytosis which means to fight infection by engulfing, ingesting and destroying pathogens. some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.

27. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.lp_specializ/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.lp_specializ/ • 5 Types of Leukocytes • Neutophilis: phagocytize bacteria • Eosinophils: remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions • Basophils: participate in the body’s inflammatory response; produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant • Lymphocytes: provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells • Monocytes: fight protozoa and some bacteria http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14704

28. Platelets Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells. Platelets produce tiny fibrinogenfibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

29. Plasma It also contains useful things like; • carbon dioxide • glucose • amino acids • proteins • minerals • vitamins • hormones • waste materials • like urea. A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

31. SUMMARY copy and complete the following; Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of four main things. ______ is the liquid part of the blood. Red Blood Cells carry ______. White Blood cells protect the body from disease . And _________ help blood clot.

32. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions d. Analyze the interdependence of the body’s systems as related to wellness, disease, and disorders. e. Discuss the goals of therapy and care rehabilitation. f. Discuss the etiology of two common diseases in each body system and how to treat and/or prevent them.

33. Anemia • - is an inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both • Symptoms: pallor(paleness), fatigue,, dyspnea(difficult breathing), and rapid heart rate • Treatment: transfusions of packed cells and supportive therapy during crisis, and genetic counseling

34. Arteriosclerosis • Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls, resulting in a loss of elasticity and contractility • Causes:high blood pressure, or hypertension, and can lead to an aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage • Treated: with diet and exercise and medications

35. Atherosclerosis http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/videos-44017-47.html • Occurs when fatty plaques (frequently cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of the arteries. • Prevention: low-cholesterol diet and exercise • Angioplasty may be used to remove or compress the deposits, or to insert a stent to allow blood flow • Bypass surgery is used when the arteries are completely blocked • Treated with Diet changes, meds and exercise http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/videos-44022-47.html

37. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) • Condition that occurs when the heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the body • Symptoms: edema(swelling); dypsnea; pallor; distention of the neck veins; a weak, rapid pulse; and a cough accompanied by pink, frothy sputum, enlarged heart • Treatment: cardiac drugs, diuretics(to remove retained body fluids), elastic support hose, oxygen therapy, bedrest, and/or a low-sodium diet • Diagnosis: H&P, Echo, X-ray, EKG

38. Embolus • A foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream. • It can be a blood clot, air, fat or bacterial clumps… • Can cause MI, CVA and death Blockage seen on arteriogram

39. Hemophilia • An inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively in males but can be carried by females • Persons with hemophilia are missing clotting factors, which allow our blood to clot • Treatment: transfusing whole blood, or plasma, and administering the missing protein factor

40. Hypertension • High blood pressure • Increasing risk factors: family history, race(higher in African Americans), obesity, stress, smoking, aging (higher in postmenopausal women), and a diet high in saturated fat • Treatment: no cure, but : antihypertensive drugs, diuretics (to remove retained body fluids), limited stress, avoidance of tobacco, and/or low-sodium diet • S/SX: flushed face, HA, dizziness, visual disturbances. • Diagnosis: H&P, BP log

41. Leukemia • Malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue • Symptoms: fever, pallor, swelling of lymphoid tissues, fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive bruising, and joint pain • Treatment: vary w/ type of leukemia but include: chemotherapy, radiation, and/or bone marrow transplant

43. Myocardial Infarction • Heart attack; occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heart • Symptoms: severe crushing pain that radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw; pressure in the chest; perspiration and cold,clammy skin; dypsnea; and a change in blood pressure • Treatment: “clot-busting”drug (TPA), complete bed rest, pain medications, oxygen therapy, anticoagulants, and control of arrhythmia, angioplasty • Diagnosis: Echo, CT scan, EKG, blood work, H&P, X-ray, Cardiac catheter

44. http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.htmlhttp://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.html

46. Phlebitis • An inflammation of a vein, frequently in the leg • Symptoms: pain, edema, redness, an discoloration at the site • Treatment: anticoagulants; pain medication; elevation of the affected area; antiembolism or support hose; and if necessary; surgery to remove the clot

47. Varicose Veins • Dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis (decreased blood flow) • Occur in the legs • Caused by prolonged sitting or standing, hereditary factors and pregnancy • Treatment includes exercise, TED hose, or surgery if indicated.

48. Aneurysm • Ballooning out of, or saclike formation on an artery wall • Caused by high blood pressure, congenital defects or other arterial diseases • Usually no symptoms-only mild pain or pressure are caused by some • Common sites include cerebral, aortic and abdominal arteries • Treatment includes surgery to removed damaged portion • Watching a smaller aneurysm and managing blood pressure are early treatment options.