FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE

2. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king Idea emerges that state was working for the benefit of the people People expected more & more state services French Revolution (FC.105)

3. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2)

4. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king

5. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64)

6. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64)

7. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equalDiscredits? Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84)

8. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE A Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) Two revolts or revolutions that especially discredited DRK?

9. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE A Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) John Locke’s idea about kings? Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2)

10. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE A Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs’ econ. policy & their motive? Abs. monarchs’ econ. policy & their motive? Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2)

11. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Growing awareness of relation b/w? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy

12. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE How did they improve govt? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy

13. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE How did they improve the economy? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy

14. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy

15. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81)

16. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops The potato could supply 3-4X the calories per acre than a grain crop and most of the nutrients a person needs.

17. It’s also funny…

18. …and gross.

19. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains

20. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains

21. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains

22. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st

23. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground

24. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground

25. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes

26. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars

27. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars

28. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany

29. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine

30. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields

31. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields

32. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields Prussian peasants survive the war despites its destruction

33. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields Prussian peasants survive the war despites its destruction Potato cultivation spreads to France, Austria, & Russia

34. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields Prussian peasants survive the war despites its destruction Potato cultivation spreads to France, Austria, & Russia Ability to sustain huge armies of Napoleonic wars (FC.106) Ability to sustain huge armies of French Rev. Wars(FC.105C)

35. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields Prussian peasants survive the war despites its destruction Potato cultivation spreads to France, Austria, & Russia Further spread of potato across N. Eur. during 1800s Ability to sustain huge armies of Napoleonic wars (FC.106) Ability to sustain huge armies of French Rev. Wars(FC.105C)

36. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Initial resistance because: Its appearance-> Fear it caused leprosy It required more work (I.e.,hoeing) than grains Thirty Yrs War -> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 88) Religious Wars-> Armies strip peasants of their grain (FC. 87) Potato spreads slowly to only a few places, such as N. Italy & just as a garden crop at 1st Peasants on Spanish Road along Rhine b/w Italy & Neth’s plant potatoes underground Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Louis XIV’s Wars devastate much of Ger. (FC. 95) Foraging soldiers don’t find or want potatoes Peasants survive devastation of Relig. wars Potato agriculture spreads further across Germany 1734- Prince Fred. of Prussia, who had developed interest in agriculture while supervising royal estates, notices peasants farming potatoes during siege of Philippsburg on the Rhine 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 7 Years War devastates Prussia (FC.103) 1740- Frederick, now Frederick II, orders Prussian peasants to farm potatoes in fallow fields Prussian peasants survive the war despites its destruction Potato cultivation spreads to France, Austria, & Russia Further spread of potato across N. Eur. during 1800s Ability to sustain huge armies of Napoleonic wars (FC.106) Ability to sustain huge armies of French Rev. Wars(FC.105C) Pop. growth needed to sustain workforce of Industr. Rev. & its cities (FC.111)

37. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Peasants adopt potato as supplementary crop Marauding soldiers leave potatoes alone because they’re “gross” &/or too much work to dig up Peasants survive horrible wars of 17th & 18th centuries Potato’s high calorie content can support huge armies of Fr. Rev. & Napoleonic wars Potato’s high calorie content can support huge urban growth of indust. Rev.

38. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Tax structure? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants

39. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Problem w/heredit. Kings? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants

40. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE What esp. burdened peasants? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants

41. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants

42. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE At first for whose benefit were these reforms done? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants

43. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE People saw it done for whom? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king

44. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE 1600s- Absolute monarchs whose rule is justified by Divine right-> King is only accountable to God 1700s- Enlightened despots whose rule is justified by their merit-> accountable to & for the welfare of the people they rule People expected? Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king Idea emerges that state was working for the benefit of the people

45. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE 1600s- Absolute monarchs whose rule is justified by Divine right-> King is only accountable to God 1700s- Enlightened despots whose rule is justified by their merit-> accountable to & for the welfare of the people they rule Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king Idea emerges that state was working for the benefit of the people People expected more & more state services ? French Revolution (FC.105)

46. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE 1600s- Absolute monarchs whose rule is justified by Divine right-> King is only accountable to God 1700s- Enlightened despots whose rule is justified by their merit-> accountable to & for the welfare of the people they rule Feudalism (FC.41.2) Politically & culturally fragmented realm, but still unified in theory by loyalty to the same king Rise of kings (FC.68) Rise of towns (FC.64) Prot. Ref. Idea all believers are equal Discredits Divine Right of Kings (FC.84) English Revolution (FC.96) Dutch revolt vs. Sp. (FC.87) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king Idea emerges that state was working for the benefit of the people People expected more & more state services French Revolution (FC.105)

47. (Clockwise from top left) Frederick II of Prussia, George II of England, Louis XV of France, and Maria Theresa of Austria Frederick the Great of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Louis XV of France Maria Theresa of Austria

49. FC.91 THE RISE OF BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA (1640-88) Thirty Years War devastates Ger., esp. Brandenburg-Prussia which lost up to 60% of its population (FC.88) Frederick-William Hohenzollern, “The Great Elector” (1640-88) faces many problems: Brand. & Prussia separated by Polish territory Destruction from Thirty Years War Strong neighbors using Brand-Pr as a battleground Poor soil & few natural resources Unruly & powerful nobles & rebellious army Fr-Wm concentrates on building his army using: Nobles as officers & bur’s, giving them pay, status, & power over serfs Mercenaries, but also peasant recruits Cheap & loyal trained reserve Tradition of efficient milit. & govt. run by nobles w/strong civic spirit Br-Pr the only Eur. state to ally w/its nobles & use them in service to state State demands taxes to increase mil. & bureauc. Use bureaucracy & army to enforce its will Measures to build Br-Pr’s econ. Measures to unify & defend Br-Pr: Peacetime army builds roads, canals, etc. Encourages new crops, ag. tech’s & immigration, Postal system to connect his lands & make $ Opportunistic foreign policy of switching sides Foundations of absolutism in Br.-Prussia By 1688 Br-Pr has preserved & even expanded its borders By 1688 Br-Pr’s pop. has recovered & its tax rev has grown 25X Basis for Prussia’s eventual unification of Germany (FC.121)

50. “Packhorse” of the State: Frederick II of Prussia