The Catholic Reformation

1. The Catholic Reformation

3. The Counter Reformation The Church had two tactics: • Reform the Church from Within Council of Trent • Stop the Spread of Protestantism Water Torture during the Inquisition

4. Reform Within the Church • The Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Purpose: The Church held three meetings to discuss reform AND define dogma (official teachings) • Some areas were actually reformed • Called for the education of priests • Improved discipline and administration among the clergy • Indulgences got banned after the Council finished its meetings • But many teachings were not changed, and were instead reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected • You need faith AND good works to achieve salvation • 7 sacraments, not just 2 • Bible is written in Latin, not the vernacular language • Pope is supreme leader • Man has free will (your fate is NOT predestined)

5. IV. The Catholic Reformation • A. Papal Reform and the Council of Trent • 1. Catholic Reform Under Pope Paul III (pontificate 1534–1549) — The papal court became the center of the reform movement rather than its chief opponent and supported improvements in education for the clergy, the end of simony, and stricter control of clerical life. • 2. The Holy Office (1542) — Set up in 1542 with the power to arrest, imprison, and execute heretics and to maintain the Index of Prohibited Books.

6. Reform measures prior to Council of Trent • Index of Prohibited Books, 1542 • Roman Inquisition, 1542 Galileo before the Roman Inquisition , 1633

7. Stopping the Spread of Protestantism • Index (List) of Banned Books • Created in 1559 by the Pope • Purpose was to prevent heresy (make sure you know what this word means) and ensure books were morally correct • Banned both Protestant literature and texts by some intellectuals, like Erasmus • Click on this link to see the list: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indexlibrorum.asp

8. Council of Trent • (1545–1563) — Intended to reconcile Catholics and Protestants but did not succeed in this aim (Charles V and France had political objectives that worked against reconciliation) — but it led to the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. It gave equal validity to the Scriptures and tradition as sources of religious truth and authority, reaffirmed the seven sacraments and teachings on transubstantiation, disciplined errant clergy, and attempted to discern genuine callings to the priesthood.

9. Council of Trent1545-1563 • Numerous attempts to call it but warfare – ecclesiastical turmoil • Finally called by Pope Paul III ---opened 1545, closed 1563 • Called not only to reform the church, but also for reconciliation • Lutherans and Calvinists invited to participate

10. Council of Trent, cont’d • International politics repeatedly played a role • Charles V fears Lutheran subjects rebelling against Holy Roman Empire • French rulers wanted no reconciliation – ultimately their problems lead to extensive religious warfare (civil war)

11. INTERNAL REFORMS: • Bishops – live in diocese • a. Strengthened the authority of local bishops • b. Bishops had to preach regularly and make annual visits to parishes • Priests educated • a. Priests needed to be presentable • b. Priests needed to be celibate • c. Priests needed to be active • Curtail the selling of church offices / religious goods • Canon of Scripture established

12. REAFFIRMATIONS • Traditional Scholastic education of clergy • Role of good works in salvation • Authority of tradition • Seven sacraments • Clerical celibacy • Purgatory • Veneration of Saints, relics, and sacred images • Indulgences

13. Reform Within the Church • The Council helped revitalize the Catholic Church, as did the creation of new Catholic groups • These new religious orders were created to focus on performing charity and good works • This reaffirmed the Catholic tradition that one needed more than just faith to be saved • Lived among the poor and sick • Strengthened rural parishes • Encouraged pious and simple living

14. B. New Religious Orders • 1. Ursuline Orders of Nuns (founded by Angela Merici, 1474–1540) • 2. The Jesuits — Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556), a Spanish soldier who gave up his military career to become a soldier for Christ. Wrote The Spiritual Exercises (1548) — training program of spiritual discipline to meld one’s will with that of God. The Society of Jesus — became a tightly knit organization that achieved phenomenal successes for the papacy, carrying Christianity to India, Japan, Brazil, North America and restoring it in southern Germany and much of Eastern Europe.

15. Stopping the Spread of Protestantism • The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits • A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 • Promoted education • Famous for missionary work • Strived to gain political influence • Countered the populist Protestant Reformation by working top-down and counseling kings and princes • Also a bit fanatical in their devotion…

16. What does this quote by Loyola mean? “We should always be disposed to believe that that which appears white is really black, if the hierarchy of the Church so decides.”

17. Ursuline Order • founded by Angela Merici (1474 – 1540) in 1535 • fight heresy through Christian teaching • teaching young girls • spread in France and the New World

18. SUCCESS? / FAILURE? • Stopped the sale of indulgences, pluralism, clerical absenteeism, concubines of women • Established seminary for education and training of priests • Veneration of Saints and the Cult of Virgin Mary continued • Individual interpretation of scripture denied • Strong leadership from a succession of Popes continued reform • Religious unity destroyed • Religious Wars • State gained power at the expense of the Church • Encouraged education