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Catholic Reformation

Church Reform & Religious Communities. Catholic Reformation. Council of Trent. 1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563 Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534 Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine, strengthen church from within, enhance uniformity and appeal

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Catholic Reformation

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  1. Church Reform & Religious Communities Catholic Reformation

  2. Council of Trent • 1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563 • Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV • Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534 • Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine, strengthen church from within, enhance uniformity and appeal • Anathema sit … Let him be condemned!

  3. Walls, yes … bridges, no Anathema sit

  4. Response to Reformers • Sola Scriptura • Scripture ANDTradition • Church alone can interpret scripture • Latin Vulgate is the ideal translation • “And for anyone who says scripture and tradition are not equal, let him be anathema.”

  5. Justification/Salvation • Salvation Through Grace By Faith • Without grace, we are doomed … • BUT … we must cooperate with grace • Grace is only the beginning • Devotions and good works affirmed, but abuses (like selling indulgences) stopped • Faith AND works

  6. Priesthood of All Believers • Hierarchy still stands • The “character” of orders is indelible (permanent, unchangeable, inerasable) • However … the clergy needs reform • Seminary in every diocese • Bishops must live in diocese • Priests and bishops must preach • Priestly celibacy

  7. Other Results • Publications • Catechism • Breviary • Missal • Index of Forbidden Books • New religious orders; reform within others • Bulk of the changes/teachings/publications hold solid until 1960s, with Vatican II

  8. New Religious Orders

  9. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) • Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ • Military background  chain of command • Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope • “The Spiritual Exercises” • Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries • Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice • Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

  10. Spiritual/Mystics • Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) • Doctor of the Church • “The Interior Castle” • Discalced Carmelites • John of the Cross

  11. Vincentians/Charitys • Vincent de Paul (1581-1660) • Focus on the poor; preach to, teach commoners • Louise de Marillac Daughters of Charity • Bypass cloister rules by taking private annual vows

  12. Christian Brothers • John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719) • Educate poor children  escape poverty, crime • Began classroom teaching (not private tutors) • Considered a founder of modern education

  13. American Catholic Leaders and Orders

  14. John Carroll • 1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop) • Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty • Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses • 1790 – 30,000 American Catholics1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

  15. Elizabeth Ann Seton • 1774-1821 • First American-born saint (canonized 1975) • Convert; began Baltimore school • Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first religious order begun in the U.S. • Credited with beginning the parochial school system

  16. Others • Women’s Orders • Philippine Duchesne – Religious of Sacred Heart • Cornelia Connelly – began Society of Holy Child • Katharine Drexel – Blessed Sacrament sisters, helping poor blacks & Indians • Rose Hawthorne Lathrop – help incurable cancer • Colleges/Universities • Notre Dame (Holy Cross fathers); St. John’s (Benedictines); St. Mary’s, Texas (Marianists)

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