Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissanceand Reformation

2. Renaissance (1350-1600) • Started in Italy • Renaissance was a “Rebirth” of European culture Rebirth • Works of the classical civilizations (Greeks and Romans) served as inspiration Recovery • The plague • Political instability from the decline in Church power

3. Ideas of the Renaissance • Humanism • Renaissance thinkers celebrated human achievements and focused on individual worth • Petrarch “Father of Humanism • “Humanities”- literature, philosophy, history, grammar

4. Ideas of the Renaissance Secularism • Thinkers used observation to explain the world, rather than church teachings • Church lost power → life no longer revolves around religion • Focus on more “worldly” goods and ideas, materialism • No more “noble poverty”… the richer the better! • Black Death → New views on life… “Live it up!”

5. Renaissance Ideas Johann Gutenberg ‘s invention of moveable type (printing press) makes it easier to reproduce books • Rapid spread of ideas • Books available to ordinary citizens • 1455- Gutenberg Bible is the first printed book • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0R1j7ine54

6. Economic Renaissance • Revival of Trade increases wealth • Social mobility • Now you can move up the chain! (Unlike feudalism) • Rise of the middle class • Peasants made $$ off of trade → New middle class

7. Political Renaissance • Rise of Powerful states • Niccolo’ Machiavelli wrote the Prince --guidebook for rulers to secure and maintain power --”the ends justifies the means”

8. Intellectual Renaissance • Copernicus --Sun was center of the universe not earth • Ptolemaic-geocentric Copernicus--Heliocentric

9. Intellectual Renaissance • Galileo • Studied motion and law of the pendulum • Laid the foundation for modern physics and supported Copernicus • Tried by the Catholic Inquisition in 1632 for supporting Copernicus’ view

10. Impact of the Renaissance • Renaissance artists, architects, scholars, and writers created a legacy of achievement that still influences us today • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCBNPVDZCI

11. Artistic Impact: Painting and Sculpture • Painting and sculpture became more realistic • Artists Like Leonardo DaVinci and Michelangelo

12. Artistic Impact: Literature and Architecture • Literature and architecture borrowed from classical styles, used vernacular • Brunelleschi and Shakespeare

13. Renaissance

14. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Giotto--Realism • Scenes with figures in lifelike space • Given realistic emotions and gestures Announcement of the Angel to Saint Anne

15. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Masaccio--Perspective -bringing 3D to 2D --many lines meeting a one central point Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427

16. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Leonardo Da Vinci--Geometrical arrangement The Last Supper Da Vinci 1498

17. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Leonardo Da Vinci-- (chiaroscuro) -Light and shadows -Softening (makes individual stand out and seem more human)

18. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Michelangelo--Fresco • Realistic sculpture and Frescos Pieta Sistine Chapel

19. Medieval Art --hard lines --cartoonish figures --positive religious feel --not overly colorful --flat (no dimensions) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9PDK3iHigc

20. Medieval or Renaissance?

21. Medieval • “Madonna and Child before a Fireplace” by Campin • Cartoonish, unrealistic people figures • Positive portrayal of religion • Hard lines

22. Medieval or Renaissance?

23. Medieval • The Last Judgment • Flat (no depth) • Hard lines • Dark

24. Medieval or Renaissance?

25. Renaissance • St. Peter’s Basilica, Buonarroti, constructed 1506-1626 • Greek and Roman influence (Columns, domes) • Symmetry • More horizontal than vertical

26. Medieval or Renaissance?

27. Renaissance • Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, 1510 • Attention to detail • Realistic portrayal of the human form • Shows God as human-like • Use of light

28. Medieval or Renaissance?

29. Medieval • Notre Dame de Paris, Constructed 1163-1345 • Stained glass with religious images • Flying buttresses • More vertical orientation than horizontal

30. Medieval or Renaissance?

31. Renaissance • School of Athens, Raphael, 1510 • Light • Use of perspective (looks almost 3D) • Realistic people • Contains images of Plato, Socrates, and other classical thinkers, in homage to the Greek and Roman civilizations

32. Thesis Practice • Was the Renaissance merely a continuation of Greek and Roman ideas or a new intellectual movement altogether? • --your thesis must start with Although, While or Despite • --be ready to trade and peer edit

33. Movie Assignment • On a sheet of paper summarize the Renaissance time period in a 5 sentence paragraph and include the following information --tell me why the Renaissance was an important time period in history --tell me about the three artists in the video and one work of art for each --tell me which artist (in you opinion) was the most important to the renaissance and why?

34. Protestant Reformation Reformation- The act of forming anew (Webster’s Dictionary)

35. Causes of the Protestant Reformation… • Spirit of Inquiry of the Renaissance, and corruption of the Church led to new challenges to Pope’s authority • Church activities • Greed and corruption • 1/3 of the land in Europe was owned by the Church • Church officials becoming very wealthy • Pope acting as ruler not spiritual leader • Indulgences • “Buy your way out of your sins”

36. Luther and his ideas • Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation when he posted his 95 Theses in 1517 --criticized the Church’s sale of indulgences

37. Luther and his ideas • Luther began to directly challenge the authority of the pope --encouraged lay people to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves --Only faith, not good works, would get one into heaven • Edict of Worms (ruling)- Luther and his teachings outlawed • Reformers became known as Protestants • Peace of Augsburg- allowed ruler of each state (NOT each person) to choose between Catholicism and Protestantism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4TeJJmQJqU

38. Lutheran Church Luther forever shatters unity of Catholic Church by breaking away --Forms Lutheran Church --believe in salvation by faith alone --Kept only sacraments of baptism and communion

39. Later Reformers • John Calvin • focused on predestination, the idea that God would decide who is going to Heaven after death • Emphasis on moral purity • Consistory- an oversight committee of sorts • King Henry VIII forms the Church of England • wanted an annulment from Catherine, but the Catholic Church would not grant it • Act of Supremacy- established Church of England and its supremacy over any other Church

40. The Catholic Counter-Reformation • The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of Protestantism. • Council of Trent—ended the sale of indulgences, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain books. • Inquisition—Tried and executed persons who were suspected of committing heresy (non-Catholic beliefs) • Jesuits—new catholic order • Catholic rulers join with Pope in fighting Protestantism

41. Effects of Protestant Reformation • Centuries of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants • Europe became divided between Catholic countries and Protestant countries (NW Europe)

42. Effects of Protestant Reformation • Speeded economic growth in Northern Europe • Renaissance and Reformation strengthened the authority and power of secular powers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9PDK3iHigc

43. Describe at least two causes and effects of the Reformation Causes Effects

44. Renaissance cause/effect or Reformation cause/effect 1. growing prosperity of merchants 2. rulers defy pope and become protestant 3. political, social, and artistic theories spread 4. Selling of indulgences 5. printing press and the spread of learning 6. merchants sponsor artists and pay to beautify cities 7. individuals interpret bible for themselves 8. art celebrates individual and personal expression 9. rulers sponsor artists and philosophers 10. Luther’s 95 theses 11. Christian Humanism 12. growing emphasis on the individual