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THE FUNGI

THE FUNGI. YEASTS AND MOLDS. THE STUDY OF FUNGI IS CALLED MYCOLOGY DISTRIBUTION – 20 o – 30 o C ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE NUTRITION AND GROWTH VAST MAJORITY ARE SAPROBES(SAPROPHYTIC) ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS – ABSORB NUTRIENTS THROUGH CELL WALL PREFER AN ACID pH. MOST ARE OSMOTOLERANT

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THE FUNGI

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  1. THE FUNGI YEASTS AND MOLDS

  2. THE STUDY OF FUNGI IS CALLED MYCOLOGY • DISTRIBUTION – 20o – 30oC • ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE • NUTRITION AND GROWTH • VAST MAJORITY ARE SAPROBES(SAPROPHYTIC) • ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS – ABSORB NUTRIENTS THROUGH CELL WALL • PREFER AN ACID pH

  3. MOST ARE OSMOTOLERANT • MOST ARE EITHER AEROBES OR FACULTATIVES • NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ARE MINIMAL • BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE FUNGI • TYPICALLY EUCARYOTIC • UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR (HYPHA)

  4. UNICELLULAR YEASTS

  5. FILAMENTOUS MOLDS

  6. CELL WALLS: ALL FUNGI HAVE CELL WALLS • YEASTS – GLUCANS – GLUCOSE POLYMERS • MOLDS – CHITIN AND CELLULOSE • STRUCTURE OF YEASTS • STRUCTURE OF MOLDS • BASIC STRUCTURE OF A MOLD IS THE HYPHA

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNGI (PHYLA) GROUPINGS BASED ON (1)HABITAT, (2)MORPHOLOGY AND (3)SEXUAL COMPLEXITY 1. ZYGOMYCOTA 2. ASCOMYCOTA 3. BASIDIOMYCOTA 4. DEUTEROMYCOTA

  8. ZYGOMYCOTA TERRESTRIAL /MAINLY MOLDS REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A SPORANGIOSPORE REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A THICK - WALLED ZYGOSPORE RHIZOPUS sp. - NON SEPTATE

  9. ASCOMYCOTA TERRESTRIAL / YEASTS AND MOLDS MOLDS: REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A CONIDIOSPORE (CONIDIUM) REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL SPORES CALLED ASCOSPORES FORMED WITHIN A SAC CALLED AN ASCUS PENICILLIUM sp. - MOLD – SEPTATE

  10. ASPERGILLUS sp - MOLD - SEPTATE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE - YEAST REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING OR BINARY FISSION

  11. REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL ASCOSPORES FORMED WITHIN A SAC CALLED AN ASCUS (OVERHEAD)

  12. PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY MEMBERS OF THE ASCOMYCOTA • POWDERY MILDEW OF ROSES • APPLE SCAB • PEACH LEAF CURL

  13. ERGOT OF RYE – POTENT ALKALOIDS (ERGOTAMINE) • SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS • CONSTRICTION OF ARTERIES • HALLUCINATIONS • MYCOTOXINS • AFLATOXINS • BRAZILIAN PEANUT MEAL EXPORTED TO ENGLAND IN 1960 • GRAINS STORED IN SILOS MONITORED

  14. BASIDIOMYCOTA - MOSTLY MUSHROOMS DEUTEROMYCOTA YEASTS AND MOLDS/SEPTATE TERRESTRIAL NONE EXHIBIT A SEXUAL CYCLE YEASTS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING ONLY MOLDS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF CONIDIA

  15. MORPHOLOGICALLY IDENTICAL TO MEMBERS OF THE ASCOMYCOTA

  16. THE LICHENS MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FUNGUS AND A PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISM USUALLY CYANOBACTERIA OR AN ALGA

  17. HUMAN FUNGAL INFECTIONS MOST FUNGI ARE OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS INFECTION IS RARE UNLESS SPECIAL SITUATIONS EXIST WET WARM SPOT FOR EXTENDED TIME IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PERSON MASSIVE SPORE EXPOSURE TWO GROUPS OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS DERMATOMYCOSES SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

  18. DERMATOMYCOSES

  19. THE DERMATOMYCOSES ARE CAUSED BY A GROUP OF MOLDS CALLED DERMATOPHYTES. • DIGGER THE DERMATOPHYTE (LAMISIL) • THE DERMATOPHYTES ARE ALL FOUND IN THE DEUTEROMYCOTA.

  20. SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS OF HAIR, NAILS AND SKIN PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST KERATIN KERATIN IS A COMPONENT OF THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF OUR SKIN MEDICAL NAMES USE TWO WORDS - TINEA FOLLOWED BY THE AFFECTED REGION TINEA PEDIS, TINEA CRURIS, TINEA CAPITUS

  21. DERMATOPHYTES BELONG TO THREE GENERA OF FUNGI • TRICHOPHYTON • MICROSPORIUM • EPIDERMOPHYTON • TREATMENT • GRISEOFULVIN OR NYSTATIN

  22. SYSTEMIC MYCOSES • FOUND THROUGHOUT THE PHYLA • CAUSED BE YEASTS AND MOLDS • CAN INFECT DEEPER TISSUES THAN DERMATOPHYTES; KILL • INITIAL INFECTION THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OR BREAK IN THE SKIN • MOST ARE DIMORPHIC • 1. 37oC YEAST STAGE IN BODY • 2. RT FILAMENTOUS STAGE ON LAB MEDIA AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT

  23. MOST ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED DISEASES – MOLDS(6) 1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII (JIROVECI) 2. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER CAUSED BY COCCIDIOIDES IMITIS 3. HISTOPLASMOSIS CAUSED BY HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

  24. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA

  25. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER (COCCI)

  26. HISTOPLASMOSIS

  27. 4. BLASTOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS 5. MUCORMYCOSIS CAUSED BY MUCOR sp 6. ASPERGILLOSIS CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS sp DISEASES - YEASTS 1. CANDIDIASIS CAUSED BY CANDIDA sp

  28. 2. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS CAUSED BY CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS TREATMENT - AMPHOTERICIN B, KETOCONAZOLE, OR FLUCONAZOLE

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