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The Fungi

The Fungi . Main features/characteristics:. Heterotrophic  saprobes – feed off of decaying material by secreting enzymes to break down into nutrients parasitic – feed off of living tissues

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The Fungi

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  1. The Fungi

  2. Main features/characteristics: • Heterotrophic  saprobes – feed off of decaying material by secreting enzymes to break down into nutrients • parasitic – feed off of living tissues • Cell walls made of chitin (protein that provides shape and support) . . . plant cell walls made of cellulose • Storage molecule made of glycogen, not starch (as is common with plants) • Sessile (stationary) • Multicellular • Eukaryotic

  3. Morphology • Structure made up of strands called hyphae • Collection of hyphae called a mycelium • Multinucleated cells • Cells separated into sections called septa (cytoplasm flows freely between septa)

  4. Hyphae

  5. Mycelium

  6. Life Cycle: • Both sexual and asexual reproduction can occur • Most cells are haploid (one copy of each chromosome) • Spores (reproductive cells) are dispersed • Hyphae grow from spores • Hyphae fuse to form dikaryotic cell (two unique nuclei in one cell) • Mycelium develops into mushroom • Haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote (now diploid) • Zygote divides into 4 haploid spores • Cycle continues

  7. Importance

  8. Nutrient cycling: • main decomposers in ecosystems • Fixation of nutrients into soil and plant roots (symbiosis between plants and fungi = mycorrhizae)

  9. Pathogenic: • 10 to 50% of global produce destroyed yearly by fungi • Toxic growth of materials in buildings • Wood rot

  10. Commercial: • Edible versions of mushrooms and truffles • Cheese, chocolate, soy sauce • Antibiotics (pencillin)

  11. Classification/Phylogeny: Five major phyla

  12. Chytrids (chytridomycota) • Swimming spores (flagellated) • Saprophytic • Single or multicellular

  13. Zygomycetes (zygomycota) • Bread and fruit molds • Soil fungi • Parasitic of insects

  14. Glomeromycetes (Glomeromycota) • Mychorrhizal

  15. Ascomycetes (Ascomycota) • Commercial yeasts • Cup fungi • Plant disease

  16. Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) • Gilled mushrooms • Decomposers • Some symbiosis with plants

  17. Symbiosis Examples:

  18. Mycorrhizae– fungi develop between cell walls of plant roots to deliver nitrogen and extract carbon sugars (mutualism + +)

  19. Lichens – fungi cooperate with cyanobacteria or algae to provide moisture and in return get carbon sugars (mutualism + +)

  20. Leaf cutter ants – harvest leaves to supply food for saprophytic fungi as a food source (mutualism + +)

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