Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816

1. Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816 Chapter 6

2. Washington and Congress Chapter 6 Section 1

3. Washington and Congress • April 6, 1789: Washington is elected as first president under the new Constitution. • Establishes President’s Cabinet-handles different responsibilities for the President • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the Supreme Court and two other parts to the judicial branch • Passage of the Bill of Rights • 1st ten amendments to the Constitution

4. President’s Cabinet Today Department of State Department of Treasury Department of Defense Department of Justice Department of the Interior Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Labor Department of Health and Human Resources Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Department of Energy Department of Education Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Homeland Security

5. Financing the Government • James Madison • The Tariff of 1789 • Raise money by taxing imports • Angered Southern planters because it meant higher prices for the goods they imported. • They began to suspect the federal government was against southern interests

6. Financing the Government

7. Argument over bonds Hamilton argued for the full value of war bonds to be accepted Madison argued that Hamilton’s plan was unfair to farmers who had originally purchased the bonds during the war

8. Financing the Government • Hamilton’s plan accepted after long debate • capital moved from NY to a piece of land along the Potomac River. • District of Columbia

9. The Bank of the United States • Madison argued a bank couldn’t be est. because it was not among the enumerated powers. • Article I, Section 8, gave the federal government power “to make all laws Necessary and Proper” to execute its responsibilities. • The “Necessary and Proper” clause created Implied powers

10. The Whiskey Rebellion • (1791) Congress imposed a tax on the manufacturing of whiskey. • Western US: Whiskey was used as a medium of exchange. • In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against the tax. • Washington sends 15,000 troops to crush the rebellion without a fight • U.S. troops used on U.S. citizens

11. Exit Slip ~ Choosing Sides

12. Exit Slip Describe what defined the Federalist party and the Democratic-Republican party. Turn in your answer in the basket

13. Partisan Politics Chapter 6 Section 2

14. Washington’s Foreign Policy • American Response to European conflict • After the French Revolution, the French declared war on Britain. • If Washington agreed to support the French, he risked war with Britain. • Prior treaty with French in 1778 • Washington declares U.S. “friendly and impartial” • British intercept neutral ships bound for France. • Jay’s Treaty (1794) • Disliked by many, especially Republicans • Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) • Granted the U.S. the power to trade along the Spanish-held Mississippi River.

15. Westward Expansion • Americans flocked to the Northwest Territory, drawn by land, fertile soil, rivers, and fish and game. • Led to confrontations with Native Americans. • Treaty of Greenville – 12 Native American tribes signed and agreed to give up part of southern Ohio and Indiana in exchange for yearly payment. • By 1803, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio had become states.

16. Washington Leaves Office • Farewell Address • The Importance of Unity, and The Danger of Sectionalism • The Threat of Political Factions • The Danger of Constitutional Amendments Designed to Weaken The Government. • Danger of Political Parties • Religion, Morality, and Education • The Importance of Credit, and The Sparing Use of Government Borrowing • Foreign Relations, The Dangers of Permanent Foreign Alliances, and Free Trade

17. Election of 1796 Federalist John Adams edges Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson 71-68.

18. Quasi-War with France • In reaction to Jay’s Treaty and the XYZ Affair, the French began seizing American ships. • Congress ordered the navy to capture any armed French vessel. • Undeclared sea warfare (1798)

19. The War Between the Parties • The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) • First three laws aimed at aliens, people living in the country who were not citizens. • 14 year wait to become citizen. • President may deport any alien deemed dangerous without trial. • Fourth law aimed at preventing sedition, or incitement to rebellion.

20. The War Between the Parties • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. • Virginia Resolution: • Argued that states could end unconstitutional acts by Congress. • Kentucky Resolution: • Advanced the theory of nullification, states had the right to declare an unconstitutional law invalid.

21. The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams’ reelection bid. Not without controversy “Revolution of 1800”

22. Jefferson in Office Chapter 6 Section 3

23. Thomas Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson hoped to limit the size of federal power. He began paying off the federal debt, cut government spending, and ended the whiskey tax.

24. The Rise of the Supreme Court • Judiciary Act of 1801 and Adams’ “Midnight Judges” • Impeachments occur • Judges could only be removed for criminal behavior. • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Established the court’s right to judicial review, the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to strike down those laws that were not.

25. The United States Expands West • The Louisiana Purchase • April 30, 1803, the U.S. bought Louisiana from France for $15 million. • U.S. more than doubled its size and gained the Mississippi River.

27. The United States Expands West • Lewis and Clark Expedition • Explored the Louisiana Territory with the help of Sacagawea. • The Pike Expedition • Explored the upper Mississippi River, Colorado Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, and Rio Grande • The Essex Junto • Small group of Federalists called the Essex Junto who planned to take New England out of the Union. • Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel with Aaron Burr

31. Rising International Tensions • Economic Warfare • British declared that all ships going to Europe needed British licenses. • France deemed any merchant who obeyed the British would have their goods confiscated. • British policy of Impressment • Forced people into military service. • Economic Diplomacy Fails • Embargo Act of 1807, government ban on trade with other countries.

32. Exit Slip What were the two expeditions into the Louisiana Territory? Who was involved in each? Turn your answer into the basket.

33. The War of 1812 Chapter 6 Section 4

34. The Decision for War • James Madison elected president, 1808 • Wanted to avoid war with Britain. • Reopened trade with Britain and France. • Bonus: if either nation agreed to drop its trade restrictions, the U.S. would stop importing goods from the other nation. • France agreed, in 1812 the U.S. refused to buy British goods.

35. The Decision for War • The War Hawks • Henry Clay (KY), John C. Calhoun (SC), and Felix Grundy (TN) • Reasons for war: • British trade restrictions hurt southern farmers • Blamed the British for arming Native Americans • Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • William Henry Harrison defeats Shawnee leader Tecumseh

36. The Invasion of Canada • June 1812, U.S. declares war on Britain • Many Americans were divided over the war. • “Mr. Madison’s War” • Madison hoped that seizing Canada would end Native American attacks. • By the end of 1813, the US still had not conquered any territory in Canada.

37. The War Ends • (1814) British war with France over • British Plan: • Navy would raid American cities along the coast • March into NY from Montreal, cutting NE off from the rest of the country. • Seize New Orleans and close the Miss. R.

38. The War Ends • Raids on Washington D.C. and Baltimore • American militia not prepared • Madison and his officials flee DC • British set fire to the White House and Capitol • British abandon their attack on Baltimore’s Fort McHenry.

39. British Troops Burning the White House, 1814

41. British Bombardment of Fort McHenry

42. Star-Spangled Banner Song written by Francis Scott Key (1814) Flag was flown over Fort McHenry

44. The War Ends • Battle of Lake Champlain, Sept 11, 1814 • British fleet dealt decisive defeat; retreat back to Montreal. • *The Hartford Convention – Essex Junto* • The Battle of New Orleans, Jan 1815 • 55 U.S. killed, 185 wounded; 1900 British killed or wounded • Made Gen. Andrew Jackson a national hero. • Helped put an end to the Federalist party • Treat of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 • Ended the war, restoring prewar boundaries • New spirit of patriotism and national unity.

45. The First Four Presidents and Their Legacies