II. French & Indian War

1. II. French & Indian War A. Superpowers Collide 1. Not the first war between France and England a. King William’s War (1689-97) b. Queen Anne’s War (1702-13) c. King George’s War (1744-48) d. French & Indian War (1754-1763) 2. In Europe known as the Seven Years’ War (1756-63)

3. 3. One of America’s first political cartoons that was created by Ben Franklin for his newspaper “The Pennsylvania Gazette”. 4. It called for the colonies to support his Albany Plan of Union, which called for a uniting of the colonies under a national legislative (law- making) body and president 5. It was rejected because the colonies didn’t want to give up their individual power.

4. B. A Country Between 6. The French & Indian War made George Washington a military leader. 7. The French & Indian War began in Western Pennsylvania in May 1754.

5. 8. Historian Wallace Walpole once wrote, “A volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.” a. That quote means a series of shots fired by Washington, killinga French scouting party, in Western Pennsylvania started the French & Indian War.

6. 9. The French dominated Canada and the Mississippi River Valley before the war. 10. The Ohio Country lay between the French territory and English colonies along the Atlantic coast. 11. Pittsburgh is the city located at the forks of the Ohio River.

7. 12. Wampum is an intricately woven belt and strings encoded with messages such as war, peace, and friendship. 13. The four French forts built in Western Pennsylvania were a. Ft. Presque Isle b. Ft. LeBoeuf c. Ft. Machault d. Ft. Duquesne

8. 14. The Natives in the Ohio Valley were suspicious of the British because of the years they had cheated them out their land. 15. Menakaduto, also known as the Half King, met with English traders in Western Pennsylvania and would later support the British in the war.

9. 16. The Iroquois claimed the land in the Ohio Valley as their own. 17. George Washington led an expedition into the Ohio Country ordering the French to leave. 18. Ft. Necessity was the name of the small English fort built in a meadow in Western Pennsylvania. 19. The Battle at Fort Necessity was the first battle of the French & Indian War and won by the French.

10. 20. In 1755, the British battle plan was to strike the French in three areas: a. Ohio Country (access to the Mississippi River) b. Northern New York (access to the St. Lawrence River) c. Nova Scotia (Canada)

11. 21. The Britishgeneralselected to lead the attack on Ft. Duquesne (western Pennsylvania) wasEdward Braddock. 22. Braddock’s defeat is knownasthe Battle of the Monongahela otherwise known as the Battle of the Wilderness and is often considered the first major battle of the war.

12. C. Unlikely Allies 23. William Johnson was a Native American agent with little military experience chosen to organize and lead a Native attack on Lake Champlain. 24. The Mohawks were the only group of the Iroquois League to break their neutrality and help the British with their attack on Lake Champlain.

13. 25. After the Battle of Lake George William Johnson built Ft. William Henry. 26. Natives continued to attack settlers in the back country in the hopes of driving them off of land they considered their own.

14. 27. In their attacks, Natives took settlers captive for several reasons: a. To frighten settlers into leaving b. As a way to replace warriors killed in battle c. As a source of income d. As a source of trade goods 28. Natives also took scalps from white settlers they killed in order to obtain spiritual power of the victim

15. 29. Nova Scotia was formerly known as the French colony of Acadia. 30. Many Acadians were forced to leave Nova Scotia and fled to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns. 31. The French stopped the British advance at Ft. Oswego, located at the southern shore of Lake Ontario. 32. The French depended on Natives to help them win the war 33. The French general who defeated the British at Ft. William Henry was Louis Montcalm.

16. D. Turning the Tide 34. James Abercromby was named the new British commander that would attack and eventually be defeated at Ft. Ticonderoga. 35. Louis Montcalm was the commander of the French forces in North America.

17. 36. The French & Indian War plus the fighting in Europe, Africa, and Asia is collectively known as the Seven Years’ War. 37. England’s greatest Prime Minister during the French & Indian War was William Pitt.

18. 38. James Abercromby was defeated by Montcalm at Ft. Ticonderoga even though he had a superior force. 39. John Bradstreet captured Ft. Frontenac at the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River.

19. 40. The fort was important to the French because it was a principle supply base and had cannons, muskets, and food that were used to supply Canada. 41. Louisbourg, located on Cape Breton Island, was the largest French fort in North America. 42. It was so important because it blocked the entranceway into the St. Lawrence River.

20. 43. James Wolfe captured Louisbourg, in what many historians believe was the turning point of the war for the British. 44. Ft. Duquesne was the well- known French fort built at the forks of the Ohio River.

21. 45. General John Forbes was sent by the British in 1758 to capture Ft. Duquesne. 46. The road he constructed to Ft. Duquesne is now known as the Pennsylvania Turnpike. 47. The Treaty of Easton stated settlers could not settle west of the Allegheny Mountains.

23. 48. Rather than surrender the fort, the French burn it to the ground and retreat to Canada.

24. D. Unintended Consequences 49. At the battle of Quebec, British General James Wolfe and Louis Montcalm faced each other. 50. Quebec is on the St. Lawrence River, which was the key to controlling France’s North American interior. 51. Siege – A long, continued attack on a city or fortified place. a. Wolfe lays siege to the city of Quebec. 52. The deciding battle of Quebec was fought just outside the city at a place called the Plains of Abraham.

25. 53. The Iroquois ended 50 years of neutrality and sided with the British at the end of the war. 54. The Iroquois Confederation (League) was made of up of six tribes: a. Mohawk b. Oneida c. Onondaga d. Cayuga e. Seneca f. Tuscarora

26. 55. The Iroquois Confederation was located in the present-day state of New York. 56. The French & Indian War came to and end with the British capture of Montreal by Jeffery Amherst. 57. Ft. Pitt was builton the ruins of Ft. Duquesne.

27. 58. One way the British policy changed toward the Natives after the war was to stop the time honored tradition of gift giving. 59. Pontiac was the famous Ottawa chief who organized a rebellion against the British in 1763.

28. 60. The only three forts not captured by Pontiac were: a. Ft. Pitt b. Ft. Niagara c. Ft. Detroit 61. Jeffrey Amherst planned to spread smallpox among the Natives in order to wipe them out.

29. 62.The Treaty of Paris in 1763 brought an end to the French & Indian War. 63. Britain received Canada, all land in the Ohio Valley from the French except New Orleans, and Florida from Spain. 64. After the war, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 which stated all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains belonged to Natives.