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4 t h Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning

CABI TOURISM TEXTS. 4 t h Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning. A. J. Veal. COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th Edition. CHAPTER 11. Planning Tool 2: Facility/Service Audit – Capacity.

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4 t h Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning

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  1. CABI TOURISM TEXTS 4th EditionLeisure, Sport andTourism, Politics,Policy and Planning A. J. Veal COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

  2. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition CHAPTER 11 Planning Tool 2: Facility/Service Audit – Capacity Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  3. Outline Introduction The facility/service audit process Facilities: definitions and types Capacity and facility types and contexts Types of capacity Capacity estimation Greenfield sites Natural & heritage resource assessment Programmes and events Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  4. The facility/service audit process (Fig. 11.1) 1. Identify set of facilities 4. Action Yes Yes 2. Are facilities fully used? 11. Are facilities serving all areas? 3. Can manage- ment correct? No Yes No No 7. Is there evidence of unmet demand at existing facilities? 12. Quantify potential demand in unserved areas 5. Consider reduc- ing capacity? No Yes 8. Quantify 6. Amend inventory or surplus/deficit details 9. Confirm/amend facility deficit 10. Natural areas: resource assessment 13. Examine for consistency with already set targets and amend as appropriate

  5. What Is a Facility? • In sport: • a single playing area – e.g. court or playing field, or • a group – e.g. a squash centre, or • multi-purpose facility – e.g. a sports centre • In the arts: • a single facility – e.g. gallery • multi-purpose facility – e.g. arts centre • In tourism: • hotel = a multi-purpose facility: accommodation + convention/ballroom facility + fitness centre Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  6. Facility types – examples Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  7. Facility types – examples Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  8. Capacity • Contexts • Concepts • Factors affecting capacity • Types of capacity • Estimation of capacity Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  9. Capacity: 1. Contexts (Fig. 11.2) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  10. Capacity: contexts (cont’d) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  11. Capacity: contexts (cont’d) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  12. Capacity: 2. Concepts (Table 11.2) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  13. Capacity: concepts Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  14. Factors affecting capacity: physical (Table 11.3) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  15. Factors affecting capacity: regulation/management Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  16. Factors affecting capacity: user attitudes/behaviour Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  17. Factors affecting capacity: neighbours Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  18. Capacity: 4. Types (Table 11.4) • Physical capacity • number of people who can fit into space available • Operational capacity • number of people who can be accommodated, subject to social, organizational, safety, etc., constraints • Economic capacity • level of uses that optimizes returns or keeps within budgetary limits • Social/psychological capacity • level of use that optimizes visitor enjoyment (in tourist resorts also considers resident impacts) • Ecological capacity • level of use that maintains ecological status at acceptable level • Tourism capacity • in multiple-facility destination: capacity limits of all the above Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  19. Psychological capacity example (Fig. 11.3) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  20. 5. Capacity estimation • Formal facilities • Informal facilities • purpose-built • natural/heritage • Tourism destinations Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  21. Capacity estimation: formal facilities: method (Table 10.5) • Time available (hrs/week) • Time utilized (%) • Length of session (hrs) • Group size (persons) • Capacity – in sessions/week (A x B/100)/C • Capacity – in person-sessions/week (E x D) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  22. Capacity estimation: formal facilities: examples (Table 11.5) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  23. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built • The example of urban parks (Box 11.1) • A neglected topic • The myth of ‘under-used’ urban parks (Gold, 1972) • 4 suggested approaches: • Personal/social space (Gedikli and Ozbilen, 2004) • Satisfaction and perceived crowding • Equity (with formal facilities) • Cost-benefit analysis – see Ch. 12 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  24. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 1. Personal/social space (Gedliki and Ozbilen, Fig. 11.4) Individual park user Space required per person: 15.7 sq.m or 0.16 hectares per 100 visitors r individual’s ‘social area’ radius x group ‘social privacy limit’ r r x r r r r Two groups A group of 4 individuals Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  25. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 2. Satisfaction/perceived crowding (using Fig. 11.3) Capacity Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  26. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 3. Equity • Base informal park/open space requirements on the principle of equity with formal provision: • e.g. if space for formal sport activity accommodates 200 visits per hectare per week, then 1 hectare should be provided for every 200 informal urban park visits. • Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: • 4. Cost-benefit analysis • Provide facilities up to the point that benefits no longer exceed costs – see Chapter 14 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  27. Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage • Includes: • multiple use outdoor areas, e.g. forests • protected areas, e.g. national parks, wilderness • beaches and lakes • historic sites • Often managed/planned by a specialist agency, e.g. National Parks or Forest Service • Balancing competing interests/values Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  28. Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage: ‘recreational carrying capacity’: context: balancing competing interests(Fig. 11.5) Conservation values Agriculture Resource Leisure demands Mining/ quarrying Residential/ industrial/ infrastructure development Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  29. Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage: leisure activities • Highly specialized activities: • e.g. fishing, water sports, skiing, bird watching: each case unique • Walkers: • including long-distance with camping: impacts depend on numbers • Sightseers: • typically confined to defined areas, with car parking, etc. (+ picnicking): existing capacity related to car parking spaces, but number of sites and scale present the challenge Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  30. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination • Context: • multiple attractions, public and private • infrastructure (hospitality, transport, water/sewerage, etc.) • each with their own current short-term and long-term capacities • Example of Venice (Box 11.2) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  31. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination: Venice: Canestelli and Costa (1991) • Constraints on visit numbers: • hotel beds • non-hotel beds • lunches (restaurant capacity) • car parking • water transport (from car parks to city) • solid waste • St Mark’s Basilica (main attraction) • spend per day Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  32. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  33. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice TH = tourists staying in hotel NTH = tourists staying in non-hotel accommodation DT = day-trippers Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  34. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  35. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination: Sydney • From 2002 New South Wales Tourism Masterplan: • visitors expected in 2020 in Sydney CBD: 220,000 per day • = 30% increase on 2001 • 700,000 Sydneysiders (commuters, shoppers, residents) • implications: additional: • passengers through Sydney airport • hotel and other accommodation • transport and police • protection measures for environmental/social attractions • spread of visitor attractions/experiences • spread of visitors beyond CBD, incl. western Sydney Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

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